‘शूरा मी वंदिले’ 1962 च्या युद्धात वीरगतीप्राप्त सेकंड लेफ्टनंट विष्णू आठल्ये यांची शौर्यगाथा

 https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/8/31/shura-mi-vandile-bravery-story.html

India-Pakistan Relations: The Great Game

In 2014, against the advice of his powerful military establishment, then Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attended Prime Minister Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony in Delhi. This unexpected gesture of goodwill marked a significant moment in India-Pakistan relations. As the winds of diplomacy continue to shift, could it be time for Prime Minister Modi to consider a bold step and accept an invitation to Islamabad?

Recent Developments: The SCO Invite

In the past 48 hours, the geopolitical landscape has seen intriguing developments. Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, whose family has roots in Amritsar, has extended an invitation to Modi to attend the upcoming Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meeting in Islamabad this October. The Indian Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed receiving the invitation but has not yet indicated its intentions. This invitation comes at a time when political dynamics in Punjab are also shifting, with the Aam Aadmi Party consolidating its position as the Shiromani Akali Dal wanes.

Public Opinion and Predictable Responses

The potential for a face-to-face dialogue between Modi and Sharif has sparked predictable reactions. Supporters of renewed dialogue, often criticized as bleeding-heart liberals or the "candle-lighting brigade" at Attari-Wagah, are likely to push for talks. On the other hand, staunch opponents argue that engaging with Pakistan is futile, given the ongoing cross-border terrorism and recent attacks in the Jammu region. These critics view any engagement as a sign of weakness.

The Dilemma of Cross-Border Terrorism

The question remains: Should Modi take the leap and visit Pakistan? History serves as a reminder that diplomatic overtures can be risky. Despite Sharif's attendance at Modi's swearing-in, the peace initiative was short-lived. The 2016 attack on the Pathankot airbase by Pakistani terrorists led to the suspension of talks. Eight years later, cross-border terrorism persists, with recent incidents in Jammu indicating ongoing threats orchestrated from within Pakistan.

A Historical Parallel: The Vajpayee Doctrine

Modi faces a dilemma reminiscent of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's approach to Pakistan. Vajpayee, despite the conflict, sought peace with Pakistan. Modi now must decide whether to continue escalating tensions, as seen in the 2016 surgical strikes and the 2019 Balakot missile strikes, or to attempt a diplomatic reset.

The Influence of Global Powers

The timing of the Islamabad invite is significant, given Modi's efforts to balance relations with both Russia and the United States over Ukraine. It is unclear whether global powers like the US and Russia are encouraging Modi to renew contact with Pakistan. The SCO, a pro-China organization, adds another layer of complexity to the decision. The US, in particular, may not want Pakistan to fall entirely under China's influence.

Kashmir: A Potential Game-Changer

Kashmir remains a central issue in India-Pakistan relations. Track Two diplomacy has revealed that Pakistan might be willing to soften its stance on the abrogation of Article 370 if India holds elections in Jammu and Kashmir. As elections in the region are scheduled for September, this could be a crucial factor in Modi's decision.

The Final Decision: A Calculated Move

Ultimately, Modi's decision to attend the SCO meeting in Islamabad should be based on strategic merit and domestic considerations. Such a move could enhance his reputation with those advocating for dialogue. Moreover, secure leaders and nations are unafraid to engage with their adversaries. With key state elections on the horizon, a diplomatic breakthrough could bolster Modi's standing.

An honest, face-to-face conversation with an adversary can be a powerful form of catharsis. If Modi chooses to go to Pakistan, it could significantly boost his popularity, reaffirming his position as a decisive leader capable of navigating complex geopolitical challenges.

Intelligence for Enhancing Indian National Security and Global Stability

 Strengthening Counterterrorism Efforts: Intelligence cooperation is essential for enhancing India's counterterrorism capabilities. By collaborating with other nations, India can gather and share actionable intelligence on terrorist networks, financing, and movements. This helps in preempting attacks, dismantling terror cells, and disrupting their operations. Cooperation with countries like the USA, Israel, and regional neighbors like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka has already yielded significant results in neutralizing threats from extremist groups.

Addressing Transnational Security Threats: In an era where security threats transcend national borders, intelligence sharing is critical for addressing challenges like cyberattacks, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and maritime security. Joint efforts with countries in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly through forums like the QUAD, help India monitor and respond to these threats more effectively. This not only enhances India's national security but also contributes to the stability of the broader region.

Enhancing Military Preparedness: Through intelligence cooperation, India gains access to advanced surveillance technologies, satellite imagery, and cyber capabilities from partner nations. This enhances India’s military preparedness by providing real-time information on adversary movements, potential threats, and strategic developments. Cooperation with the USA, for example, has improved India’s situational awareness in the Indo-Pacific, enabling quicker and more informed decision-making.

Supporting Diplomatic and Strategic Objectives: Intelligence sharing also supports India’s broader diplomatic and strategic objectives. By aligning its intelligence operations with those of friendly countries, India can strengthen alliances, foster mutual trust, and increase its influence in global and regional forums. This cooperation is especially important in countering the influence of rival powers like China, both regionally and globally.

2. Issues of Trust, Sovereignty, and Information Control with Friendly Countries

Trust and Information Security: One of the most significant challenges in intelligence cooperation is the issue of trust. Sharing sensitive intelligence requires a high level of mutual trust, as any breach can have severe consequences. The risk of information leaks, either through espionage or inadvertent disclosure, is a constant concern. India must carefully vet and manage the intelligence it shares to protect its sources and methods, ensuring that sensitive information does not fall into the wrong hands.

Sovereignty Concerns: Intelligence cooperation, while beneficial, can also raise concerns about sovereignty. India must strike a balance between cooperating with friendly nations and maintaining its autonomy in decision-making. Over-reliance on foreign intelligence can lead to situations where India’s national interests are subordinated to those of its partners. To preserve sovereignty, India must ensure that its intelligence partnerships are based on reciprocity and do not compromise its strategic independence.

Information Control and Asymmetry: Another challenge is the issue of information asymmetry, where one partner may have access to more or better-quality intelligence than the other. This can create an imbalance in the relationship, with the less informed partner becoming dependent on the other. India must navigate this carefully, ensuring that it retains control over the intelligence it shares and does not become overly reliant on foreign intelligence, which could compromise its national security interests.

Diverging National Interests: Even among friendly countries, national interests may not always align perfectly. There may be instances where the intelligence priorities of India and its partners diverge, leading to potential conflicts of interest. For example, while India may prioritize intelligence on cross-border terrorism, a partner country might focus more on economic espionage or cyber threats. Managing these differing priorities requires careful negotiation and a clear understanding of mutual objectives.

Benefits and Challenges of Intelligence Cooperation with Neighboring Countries

Benefits:

• Counterterrorism: Afghanistan, given its turbulent history and the presence of extremist groups, is a key area for intelligence cooperation. Collaborating with Afghanistan allows India to gather critical intelligence on terrorist activities, preventing cross-border terrorism and insurgency, particularly in the Kashmir region.
• Regional Stability: Intelligence sharing with Afghanistan contributes to regional stability by monitoring and managing the influence of groups like the Taliban and preventing the spillover of conflict into neighboring countries, including India.

Challenges:

• Political Instability: The volatile political situation in Afghanistan, especially after the Taliban's return to power, poses a significant challenge to sustained intelligence cooperation. The lack of a stable and reliable partner can hinder effective information exchange.
• Security Risks: Working with Afghan intelligence agencies can expose Indian operatives and assets to significant risks, especially in a country with a high level of insurgent activity and anti-Indian sentiment among certain factions.

2. Benefits and Challenges of Intelligence Cooperation with the USA and QUAD Countries

Benefits:

• Advanced Technology and Resources: Cooperation with the USA provides India access to advanced surveillance technologies, cyber capabilities, and satellite intelligence, enhancing India's own intelligence-gathering and analysis capabilities.
• Strategic Alignment: Intelligence collaboration within the QUAD framework allows India to align its strategic interests with those of the USA, Japan, and Australia, particularly in countering China's influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Joint Operations and Training: The QUAD countries regularly conduct joint military exercises and share intelligence on maritime security, terrorism, and cyber threats, leading to better coordination and preparedness for potential conflicts.

Challenges:

• Geopolitical Sensitivities: India's non-alignment policy and its relationship with Russia complicate its intelligence cooperation with the USA and QUAD members, as aligning too closely with one bloc could strain relations with others.
• Data Sensitivity and Trust: Sharing sensitive intelligence data with multiple countries requires a high level of trust, which can be difficult to maintain due to differing national interests and the risk of information leaks.

3. Benefits and Challenges of Intelligence Cooperation with Russia

Benefits:

• Access to Russian Intelligence Networks: Cooperation with Russia gives India access to intelligence networks in regions where Russia has significant influence, such as Central Asia and the Middle East.

Challenges:

• Diverging Interests: Russia’s growing closeness with China and Pakistan presents challenges, as their strategic interests may not always align with India’s, potentially limiting the scope and effectiveness of intelligence cooperation.

4. Benefits and Challenges of Intelligence Cooperation with Southeast Asian Countries like Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Other South China Sea Countries

Benefits:

• Maritime Security: Intelligence cooperation with Southeast Asian countries is crucial for monitoring and securing the South China Sea, a vital trade route where China's assertiveness poses a significant threat to regional stability.
• Countering Chinese Influence: Collaborating with countries like Japan and Taiwan helps India in its strategic efforts to counterbalance China's growing influence in Asia, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Regional Alliances: Strengthening intelligence ties with these countries enhances India's role as a key player in regional security, fostering alliances that can be leveraged in broader geopolitical negotiations.

Challenges:

• China’s Dominance: The proximity and economic influence of China in Southeast Asia can pressure these countries to limit the extent of their intelligence cooperation with India, creating challenges in building trust and robust partnerships.
• Diverse Strategic Interests: The strategic priorities of Southeast Asian countries vary significantly, which can complicate intelligence cooperation. For example, while Japan may prioritize countering China, other countries may focus more on internal security or economic issues.

Intelligence Cooperation in a Complex Geopolitical Environment: A Necessity for India

 In today's complex and evolving geopolitical landscape, intelligence cooperation has become a crucial component of national security strategies. For India, a country situated in a region with diverse and sometimes volatile dynamics, such cooperation is not only beneficial but essential. The scope of intelligence collaboration extends across bilateral and multilateral platforms, particularly with neighboring countries, as well as with global powers like the USA and members of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD). This article delves into these aspects, highlighting the importance and mechanisms of intelligence cooperation for India.

1. Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation with Neighboring Countries

India shares borders with several countries, each with its unique security challenges. Bilateral intelligence cooperation with neighboring nations is pivotal in addressing cross-border threats, such as terrorism, smuggling, and insurgency.

• Pakistan and China:  With China, the cooperation is more complex due to the strategic competition and border disputes. However, channels of communication and intelligence exchange can help manage tensions and avoid misunderstandings.
• Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar: With these countries, India has fostered more robust intelligence-sharing mechanisms. Cooperation with Bangladesh, for example, has been successful in countering insurgent groups that operate across borders. In Nepal and Bhutan, India plays a significant role in maintaining regional stability, and intelligence collaboration is key to addressing issues like human trafficking and arms smuggling. Myanmar, sharing a border with India’s insurgency-prone Northeast, is crucial for joint operations against insurgent groups.
• Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Maritime security is a significant focus of cooperation with Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Intelligence sharing in these regions helps counter threats like piracy, smuggling, and potential terrorist activities in the Indian Ocean.

2. Cooperation with the USA and QUAD Countries

The USA and the QUAD countries (Australia, Japan, and India) form a strategic grouping aimed at ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. Intelligence cooperation within this framework has become increasingly important as these countries face common threats from rising powers, terrorism, and cyber warfare.

• The USA: India’s intelligence cooperation with the USA has grown significantly, especially after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which highlighted the need for stronger counter-terrorism measures. The two countries have since established mechanisms for sharing intelligence on terrorism, cyber threats, and other areas of mutual concern. This partnership is underpinned by agreements such as the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) and the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), which enhance real-time information sharing and technical cooperation.
• Japan and Australia: Cooperation with Japan and Australia is focused on maritime security and regional stability. The QUAD’s joint exercises, such as the Malabar naval exercises, serve as platforms for intelligence exchange and operational coordination. This trilateral cooperation is vital for monitoring and countering China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Multilateral Mechanisms: Beyond bilateral agreements, the QUAD provides a multilateral platform for intelligence sharing. This collective effort is crucial for addressing non-traditional security threats like cyber-attacks, natural disasters, and pandemics, which require a coordinated response.

Conclusion

In conclusion, intelligence cooperation is a cornerstone of India’s strategy in navigating the complexities of the current geopolitical environment. Whether through bilateral ties with neighboring countries or multilateral engagements with the USA and QUAD members, such cooperation enhances India’s ability to respond to threats and maintain regional and global stability. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, deepening and expanding these intelligence partnerships will be crucial for India’s security and strategic interests

The Rise of Influence Operations: A Modern-Day Threat

 Influence operations, or IOs, have become a pervasive tool in the arsenal of nations seeking to shape global events. These covert tactics, often employed through the use of technology, propaganda, and social manipulation, can undermine the sovereignty and stability of targeted countries.

Historical Context and Global Players

The concept of influence operations has a long history, dating back to the Cold War era. The Soviet Union and the United States engaged in various forms of propaganda and subversion to gain advantage over each other. Today, nations like China, Russia, and the United States continue to utilize IOs to advance their geopolitical interests.

China's Influence Operations

China has emerged as a major player in the realm of influence operations. Its strategic goals, including the revival of the "Middle Kingdom" and global dominance, have led it to employ a variety of tactics to shape public opinion and undermine its adversaries. These tactics include:

• Media Manipulation: China has invested heavily in media outlets and content creation to spread its narrative globally.
• Economic Leverage: Its economic power is used to exert influence over other countries.
• Covert Operations: China has been accused of conducting covert operations to destabilize governments and promote pro-Chinese factions.

India's Experience with Influence Operations

India has also been a target of influence operations, particularly from China and Pakistan. These operations have sought to undermine India's internal stability, sow discord among its population, and damage its international reputation.

The Dangers of Influence Operations

Influence operations pose significant threats to democratic societies. They can erode trust in institutions, undermine the electoral process, and destabilize entire regions. The lack of international regulations governing these activities makes it difficult to counter their effects.

Countering Influence Operations

To counter the threat of influence operations, it is essential to:

• Promote Media Literacy: Educate the public about the techniques used in propaganda and disinformation.
• Strengthen Democratic Institutions: Ensure that democratic institutions are resilient and capable of resisting external manipulation.
• Develop International Norms: Work towards establishing international norms and regulations to govern the use of influence operations.

Conclusion

The rise of influence operations represents a new challenge to global security and stability. As these tactics become increasingly sophisticated and widespread, it is imperative for nations to develop effective strategies to counter them and protect their democratic values.

China's Preparations for Potential Conflict: Taiwan and India

 

Taiwan

While China has not explicitly declared its intentions, there is a growing consensus among experts and observers that it is indeed preparing for a potential military confrontation with Taiwan. This is evidenced by several factors:

·         Military Build-up: China has significantly increased its military spending and modernized its armed forces, particularly its navy and air force. This includes the development of aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and advanced fighter jets.

·         Military Exercises: China has conducted numerous military exercises near Taiwan, including live-fire drills and simulated invasions. These exercises are seen as a demonstration of China's military capabilities and a warning to Taiwan and its allies.

·         Political Rhetoric: Chinese officials have repeatedly asserted China's sovereignty over Taiwan and have not ruled out the use of force to reunify the island.

India

While the situation with India is less tense, there are ongoing border disputes and tensions between the two countries. While China has not openly declared war intentions against India, there are concerns about its military buildup and infrastructure development along the disputed border.

·         Border Infrastructure: China has been constructing roads, bridges, and military installations along the border with India, raising concerns about its intentions.

·         Military Exercises: China has also conducted military exercises near the border with India, which could be seen as a show of force.

·         Economic Competition: The economic rivalry between China and India, particularly in areas such as trade and infrastructure development, has added to the tensions between the two countries.

Important Note: It's crucial to note that while these preparations suggest the possibility of conflict, they do not necessarily mean that war is inevitable. Diplomatic efforts and international pressure can play a significant role in preventing such a scenario. The situation is complex and evolving, and it's important to stay informed about the latest developments.

Would you like to know more about specific developments or the potential consequences of a conflict between China and Taiwan or India?

China and India

While the relationship between China and India is complex and often characterized by periods of cooperation and competition, there are also concerns about the potential for conflict between the two nations. Here are some factors contributing to these concerns:

·         Border Disputes: The two countries have a long-standing border dispute, particularly in the Himalayas. There have been frequent clashes and standoffs along the border in recent years.

·         Infrastructure Development: Both countries have been investing heavily in infrastructure development in the border region, raising concerns about territorial encroachment.

·         Economic Competition: China and India are both major economic powers, and competition between the two countries can sometimes lead to tensions.

·         Strategic Rivalry: Both China and India are seeking to increase their influence in the region and beyond, which can lead to competition for resources and strategic advantage.

Note: While there is potential for conflict between China and India, it's important to note that both countries have a strong interest in maintaining peace and stability. They have also taken steps to improve their relationship through diplomatic channels and economic cooperation.

In conclusion, while it's difficult to definitively say whether China is preparing for war with Taiwan or India, the evidence suggests that it is taking steps to increase its military capabilities and to assert its territorial claims. The potential for conflict is a serious concern, and it's important for both countries to work towards peaceful resolutions to their differences.

China's military exercises near the Indian border can be attributed to several factors:

1.       Border Disputes: The most significant reason is the ongoing territorial disputes between China and India, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). These disputes have led to tensions and confrontations between the two countries.

2.       Demonstrating Strength: China may conduct military exercises near the Indian border to demonstrate its military capabilities and to signal its resolve to protect its territorial claims.

3.       Deterrence: By conducting military exercises close to the Indian border, China may be attempting to deter India from taking aggressive actions in the region.

4.       Internal Politics: Domestic political considerations may also play a role. Chinese leaders may use military exercises to boost their popularity and to demonstrate their strong leadership.

5.       Regional Influence: China may also be seeking to assert its dominance in the region and to counter India's growing influence.

Ganesh Chaturthi in the Maratha Regt: A Celebration of Faith and Unity

 The Ganesh Chaturthi festival holds significant cultural and religious importance and  is celebrated with great enthusiasm by the Maratha Regiment of the Indian Army. Here is how the Maratha Regiment celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi in both peace areas and in border areas. The festival serves as a unifying force, fostering camaraderie and boosting morale among the troops.

 

Peace Areas:

 

Pandal Setup: Soldiers set up temporary pandals or shrines to house the idol of Lord Ganesha. These pandals are decorated with flowers, lights, and other festive elements. In peace areas, the Maratha Regiment installs Ganesh idols in their barracks or designated areas within the cantonment.

 

Idol Installation: A Ganesha idol typically comes from Maharashtra and is ceremoniously installed in a grand ceremony. The idol is carried in a procession with Maratha troops playing Lezim and other traditional forms of welcome. Subsequently, the idol is placed at the Pandal where a pooja is conducted by the unit's religious teacher and the commanding officer of the battalion. The installation of the Ganesha idol is a significant ritual. It is accompanied by prayers, mantras, and traditional music.

 

Puja and Aarti: During Ganesh Chaturthi, a daily pooja is conducted. Aarti takes place every morning and evening, attended by all troops. Prasad is distributed at the conclusion of the Aarti, which is generously provided by different companies within the battalion. This is done for, seeking blessings of Shree Ganesha for the regiment and its personnel.

 

Cultural Programs: Cultural programs, including traditional dances, music, and skits, are organized to celebrate the festival.

 

Feasting: Special meals and feasts are prepared and shared among the regiment members as a part of the celebration.

 

Community Engagement: The regiment also engage with the local community, inviting them to participate in the celebrations and fostering a sense of camaraderie.

 

The immersion of the Shree Ganesha idol on the last day is a very important ceremony. The idol is carried in a grand procession to the nearest water body, where it is immersed. Troops perform Lazim and other traditional dances in front of the vehicle carrying the Shree Ganesha idol at the immersion point. An aarti is performed before the idol is immersed in the water, accompanied by the chant "Ganpati Bappa Morya Pudicha Varshi Laukar ya."

 

Celebrations on the International Border

 

Despite the challenging conditions and the constant threat of enemy action, the Maratha Regt does not let the spirit of Ganesh Chaturthi dampen. Celebrations on the international border are often scaled down but no less meaningful.

 

Set Up Miniature Pandals: Due to security restrictions, soldiers often set up miniature pandals or shrines within their bunkers or camps.

 

Perform Simplified Pujas: Pujas are performed in a simplified manner, focusing on the core rituals and prayers.

 

Share Sweets and Stories: Soldiers share sweets and stories related to Ganesh Chaturthi to maintain a sense of connection with their families and traditions.

 

In some cases, soldiers connect virtually with their loved ones to participate in the celebrations remotely.

 

The celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi by the Indian Army serves as a reminder of their unwavering faith, their commitment to their duties, and their ability to find joy and solace even in the most challenging circumstances

 

Significance of Ganesh Chaturthi for the Maratha Regt:

• Unity and Camaraderie: The festival fosters a sense of unity and camaraderie among soldiers, regardless of their regional or religious backgrounds.

 

• Morale Boost: Celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi provides a much-needed morale boost for soldiers who are away from their families and homes.

 

 

• Religious Fervour: For  soldiers, the festival offers an opportunity to connect with their faith and seek blessings from Lord Ganesha.

 

• Community Engagement: The Army's participation in Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations helps strengthen its bond with local communities and promotes goodwill.

 

 

In conclusion, Ganesh Chaturthi is a significant event for the Maratha Regt of Indian Army, serving as a symbol of unity, faith, and resilience. The celebrations, both in peace areas and on the International border, reflect the Army's commitment to preserving traditions and fostering a positive atmosphere among its personnel.

 

The Maratha regiment has celebrated Ganesh Chaturthi in the border areas of Jammu and Kashmir, the Northeast, on the Chinese border, and in Ladakh. Ganesh Chaturthi is one of the three most important festivals for the Maratha regiment, along with Diwali and Dussehra.

 

 

Declining Foreign Investment in China: Opportunity for India

 

Foreign investment in China is rapidly declining due to heightened geopolitical tensions and unpredictable regulatory measures. Many European Union and Japanese companies are approaching China with increased caution. Meanwhile, India is positioning itself as an attractive alternative for investors who are growing wary of China.

The Shift in Foreign Capital Flows

China, once a magnet for foreign capital due to its exceptional growth, is now seeing a significant reduction in foreign investment. From stock markets to private equity and foreign direct investment (FDI), the flow of foreign money into China is dwindling. Notably, China's stock exchanges have stopped releasing daily data on overseas fund flows, which has led to increased concerns among investors. Analysts believe that if the current trend continues, China may experience its first annual outflow from its stock market since 2016. This shift is largely attributed to foreign funds steadily withdrawing from the market, with year-to-date figures showing a negative trend as of August 19.

Private Equity Firms Reconsidering China

Top private equity firms such as Blackstone, KKR, and Carlyle have significantly slowed their investments in China. Geopolitical tensions and Beijing's tighter control over businesses have made dealmaking in China more challenging. In recent years, the number of new investments by the ten largest global buyout firms in China has plummeted, with only five small deals made this year. Concerns about the risks of investing in mainland China have led to secondary buyers demanding steep discounts, ranging from 30% to over 60%. As a result, China's once-promising landscape for private equity investments is now seen as increasingly uncertain.

Foreign Direct Investment Hits a Low

Foreign direct investment (FDI) into China has reached its lowest point since the early 1990s. In 2023, China's direct investment liabilities rose by only $33 billion, an 82% decrease from 2022. This decline underscores the challenges Beijing faces in attracting overseas investment to boost its economy. The third quarter of 2023 marked the first time since 1998 that investment fell, although there was a slight recovery in the final quarter. However, the new investments in this period were still significantly lower than the previous year. With advanced economies raising interest rates and Beijing cutting them, there is an increasing preference among multinational companies to keep their capital outside of China.

European and Japanese Firms Losing Confidence

The 2024 Business Confidence Survey by the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China revealed a continued downward trend in business confidence among European firms, despite China's reopening in early 2023. Structural issues such as sluggish demand, overcapacity, and challenges in the real estate sector have further dampened confidence. The survey also highlighted that 68% of respondents found doing business in China more difficult, marking the highest percentage on record. Additionally, a majority of Japanese firms have either reduced or maintained their investment levels in China, with many expressing a negative outlook for 2024.

India's Opportunity to Attract Foreign Investment

As foreign capital inflows into China decrease, India sees an opportunity to attract these investors. India's GDP growth forecast for 2024 has been revised upward, making it an appealing alternative for companies looking to diversify away from China. India has set an ambitious target of attracting at least $100 billion annually in foreign direct investment over the next five years. Strategic reforms are being suggested to enhance India's appeal to global investors, including reducing costs for companies relocating to India, improving the ease of doing business, and establishing a framework for evaluating investment proposals.

Conclusion: A Changing Investment Landscape

The decline in foreign investment in China reflects broader geopolitical and economic shifts. As China becomes a less attractive destination for foreign capital, countries like India are positioning themselves as viable alternatives. However, for India to fully capitalize on this opportunity, strategic reforms and improved investment conditions are essential.

Brain Drain: The Erosion of America's Educational and Innovative Edge

The Crisis in American Education

The future of U.S. global power is in jeopardy due to a crisis in American education. K–12 students are scoring lower on proficiency tests than they have in decades, falling behind their international peers. U.S. universities also face challenges, including increased global competition for talent and chronic underfunding of basic research that drives long-term innovation.

In 2023, math and reading scores among American 13-year-olds hit their lowest levels in decades, with half of the students failing to meet state proficiency standards. ACT scores have declined for six consecutive years, and 70 percent of high school seniors did not meet college readiness benchmarks in math, with 43 percent failing in all subjects. These troubling trends began even before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Falling Behind Globally

While U.S. students struggle, their peers in other countries are advancing. According to the 2022 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), the U.S. ranked 34th in average math proficiency, lagging behind countries like Slovenia and Vietnam. Although U.S. rankings in reading and science were slightly better, they only barely made it into the top ten and top 20, respectively. The global rise in educational attainment contrasts sharply with the U.S.’s declining performance, as many American students cannot perform basic tasks in math, and only a small percentage excel at the highest levels.

The Global Rise in Education and Its Impact

As global education levels rise, U.S. universities and companies increasingly rely on foreign talent to maintain their competitive edge. In 1980, 78 percent of doctorates in computer science and electrical engineering awarded by U.S. universities went to American citizens or permanent residents. By 2022, that figure had dropped to 32 percent. Today, about one million international students study in the U.S. each year, with a significant portion coming from China.

Immigration Challenges and Talent Retention

The U.S. has historically benefited from attracting global talent, with nearly 45 percent of Fortune 500 companies in 2020 founded by first- or second-generation immigrants. However, outdated immigration policies are forcing many highly educated foreign students to leave after graduation, taking their knowledge and skills with them. This reliance on foreign talent is also at risk due to global shifts, with increasing numbers of students opting to study in Asia or Europe rather than the U.S. If countries like China were to restrict the flow of students to the U.S., it could severely impact American university labs and companies.

The Decline of U.S. Research Dominance

The U.S. innovation advantage is eroding, particularly in research. A decade ago, the U.S. led the world in producing highly cited scientific papers, but China has since taken the lead. In 2022, China surpassed the U.S. in contributions to the Nature Index, which tracks top science journals. Funding trends exacerbate this decline, with federal research funding as a share of GDP dropping from 1.9 percent in 1964 to just 0.7 percent in 2020. Basic research has suffered as government priorities shift, and China’s investment in research has increased significantly, potentially surpassing the U.S. within a decade.

The Private Sector's Impact on Innovation

The private sector’s focus on short-term innovation is driving economic growth but draining future sources of innovation, particularly in AI. A significant shift of talent from academia to industry is diverting attention from the basic research necessary for long-term progress. At top institutions, many senior AI faculty members have left academia, and doctoral students are restricted in discussing research due to industry contracts. In 2023, over 70 percent of new AI Ph.D. graduates in the U.S. went directly into industry, often the most talented individuals, indicating a growing crisis in academic research.

A Foreseeable Crisis

The warning signs of this brain drain are clear today. Without immediate action to address these educational and research challenges, the U.S. risks losing its position as a global leader in innovation and education. The consequences will be profound and long-lasting, threatening the nation’s economic and technological future

 

India Needs a New Approach to Knowledge Power

 

India must develop a new strategy to leverage its knowledge power in the face of emerging technologies. This requires a multi-pronged approach that focuses on:

• Building Better Intelligence:
•  INDIA needs a dedicated agency to assess its position in emerging technologies compared to other countries.
• Existing intelligence capabilities, like those focused on military comparisons, should be expanded to encompass technological innovation.
• Universities and companies need to share information more readily with policymakers.
• Investing in National Infrastructure:
• INDIA needs a national strategic computational reserve to provide researchers with access to advanced computing power.
• This reserve could be a mix of cloud-based services, supercomputing systems at national labs, and its own smaller-scale computing clusters.
• This infrastructure would democratize access to cutting-edge resources, fostering public-benefit AI research and retaining top computer scientists in academia.
• Fixing Underlying Issues:
• Immigration reform is crucial to attract and retain the world's brightest minds who graduate from INDIAN universities.
• Indian weapons acquisition process needs reform to prioritize affordability and innovation.
• Chronic underfunding of basic research must be addressed. Increased government investment is essential, alongside continued private sector efforts.
• Prioritizing Education:
• The current system of teacher compensation, based solely on experience, needs an overhaul.
• Incentive programs that reward effective teachers and deploy them to struggling schools are promising models that deserve wider implementation.

Conclusion: Investing in Knowledge for the Future

These changes are necessary to prevent the erosion of INDIA knowledge power and ensure its future strength. While export controls can play a role, the primary focus should be on nurturing domestic innovation. India must recognize that knowledge is power, and cultivate a robust knowledge ecosystem to secure its future security and prosperity.

Innovate and Anticipate: The New Pillars of U.S. Power

 

The Evolving Nature of Power

For decades, U.S. policymakers have relied on a mix of hard and soft power to influence both adversaries and allies. Hard power, rooted in military strength, was used to protect friends and deter or defeat enemies. Soft power, on the other hand, involved promoting U.S. values to attract others to the American cause. While both forms of power remain important, they no longer determine a country's success as they once did. Today, the United States must focus on expanding its "knowledge power"—the ability to advance national interests through the generation of transformational technology.

The Dual Components of Knowledge Power

Knowledge power consists of two crucial elements: innovation and anticipation. Innovation refers to a nation's capacity to produce and leverage technological breakthroughs. Anticipation involves intelligence—understanding the intentions and capabilities of foreign adversaries that might threaten U.S. interests. Traditionally, this has been the domain of U.S. spy agencies. However, as the line between domestic industry and foreign policy blurs, intelligence agencies must also help the government grasp the implications of technologies developed domestically.

Looking Inward: The Domestic Focus of Knowledge Power

Unlike traditional foreign policy tools that focus outward—using threats, force, and values to influence foreign actors—knowledge power requires the U.S. to look inward. It involves harnessing ideas, talent, and technology to ensure that the United States and its allies thrive, regardless of the actions of China or other adversaries. The strength of this power lies not just in bolstering military capabilities or enhancing global appeal but in building a robust foundation at home.

Educational Proficiency: The Foundation of Innovation

The first step in building knowledge power is improving national educational proficiency. A well-educated workforce is a key driver of long-term economic growth. Historical evidence supports this: in 1960, East Asia's GDP per capita was nearly equal to that of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, over the next 30 years, East Asia surged ahead, largely due to significant improvements in education.

Concentration of Talent: A Catalyst for Breakthroughs

Another critical indicator of knowledge power is the geographic concentration of technological talent. Countries with clusters of leading scientists and engineers are more likely to make critical advancements. Proximity matters—having the world's top minds working closely together in labs fosters the environment necessary for technological breakthroughs. This is why top scientists recruit superstar teams and collaborate in physical spaces rather than working in isolation.

The Role of Research Universities in Innovation

The long-term power of a nation also depends on the health of its research universities. While companies play a vital role in technological innovation, the process often begins much earlier—in university labs and classrooms. Unlike companies, which must focus on near-term commercial prospects, research universities are free to explore basic research, which delves into questions on the frontiers of knowledge. Although basic research may take decades to yield practical applications, it is the bedrock of many commercial breakthroughs, such as radar, GPS, and the Internet.

The Hidden Foundations of Technological Success

Recent advancements, such as mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, may appear to be overnight successes, but they are built on decades of basic research conducted at universities. Before pharmaceutical companies could develop these vaccines, academic researchers had spent years discovering that mRNA could activate and block protein cells and learning how to deliver it to human cells to trigger an immune response. Similarly, the cryptographic algorithms that secure data on the Internet today originated from years of academic research in pure mathematics. Many of the latest advances in AI, from ChatGPT to image recognition, are also rooted in pioneering work conducted at institutions like the University of Toronto, the University of Montreal, and Stanford University.

Conclusion: Building a Future on Knowledge Power

To maintain its global leadership, the United States must shift its focus to nurturing and expanding its knowledge power. By fostering innovation and enhancing its ability to anticipate technological and geopolitical trends, the U.S. can secure its future prosperity and security. This requires a deep investment in education, research, and the strategic concentration of talent, ensuring that the country remains at the forefront of technological advancement

The Crumbling Foundations of American Strength: How the U.S. is Losing its Knowledge Advantage-PART 1

 

A Miscalculated Assessment of Power

In early 2022, as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine seemed imminent, U.S. intelligence officials were so certain of a swift Russian victory that they preemptively evacuated the U.S. embassy in Kyiv. This prediction was based on traditional power metrics: Russia, with its fifth-largest defense budget globally, appeared overwhelming compared to Ukraine, ranked 36th, behind countries like Thailand and Belgium. Yet, over two years later, the conflict drags on with no decisive outcome.

Ukraine's Unexpected Resilience

Ukraine’s resilience underscores that power is not solely about traditional military might. A highly educated population and a robust technology innovation ecosystem have allowed Ukraine to produce drones and other improvised weapons swiftly. Remarkably, Ukraine has even managed to wage naval warfare without a formal navy, using homemade drones to destroy nearly two dozen Russian ships and disrupt Russia's control of the Black Sea.

The Shift from Tangible to Intangible Power

Historically, national power was rooted in tangible resources—populations, territories, and militaries that governments could directly control. Spain in the sixteenth century, the United Kingdom in the nineteenth century, and the United States and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century all derived power from such resources. However, in today’s world, power increasingly stems from intangible assets like knowledge and technologies, including artificial intelligence, that fuel economic growth, scientific advancements, and military capabilities. These intangible assets are hard for governments to control and can easily spread across borders and sectors.

The Challenge of Managing Intangible Resources

Intangible resources, often developed in the private sector or academia, pose unique challenges for governments. Unlike tangible assets, knowledge cannot be easily reclaimed once it is "in the wild." For example, U.S. officials cannot demand the return of an algorithm or the knowledge a Chinese bioengineer gained during postdoctoral research in the United States. The portability and influence of knowledge make it a powerful weapon in modern geopolitics.

The Growing Influence of the Private Sector

The private sector's influence on global affairs complicates the U.S. government's ability to manage these intangible assets. Private companies now play a crucial role in shaping geopolitical outcomes, often with interests that do not align with national objectives. For instance, Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, significantly influences global information by determining what is deemed truthful for billions of users. Additionally, American CEOs with business interests in China have met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping as frequently as U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken, highlighting the private sector's diplomatic influence. Furthermore, Elon Musk's control over the Starlink satellite network allowed him to dictate Ukrainian military communications during the conflict with Russia.

Deteriorating U.S. Government Capabilities

As the private sector's influence grows, the U.S. government's traditional foreign policy tools are weakening. The confirmation process for presidential appointments has become so contentious that key foreign policy positions remain unfilled for extended periods. Spiraling federal debt has led to the U.S. spending more on interest payments than on defense for the first time in history. Additionally, Congress's inability to pass annual budgets has resulted in stopgap measures that stifle innovation by funding only existing programs, preventing new research and development initiatives from taking off. This situation disproportionately affects small, innovative companies, allowing outdated, costly weapons systems to persist while cheaper, more effective solutions are neglected. If China were to design a system to stifle American innovation and defense capabilities, it would closely resemble the current U.S. budget process.

The Decline of U.S. Educational and Research Institutions

Crucially, the health of the U.S. K–12 education system and research universities—key sources of the country's long-term innovation—are in decline. In a world where knowledge and technology are paramount, this decline poses a significant threat to the U.S.'s future prosperity and security.

Rethinking U.S. Power in the Modern World

In today’s knowledge- and technology-driven world, U.S. policymakers must rethink what constitutes national power, how to develop it, and how to deploy it effectively. The focus should shift from merely preventing adversaries from acquiring U.S. technologies to strengthening the country’s educational and research capacity and harnessing emerging technologies to serve the national interest. Future prosperity and security depend on adapting to this new landscape where knowledge is the ultimate source of power

Shivaji Maharaj's Tactics & Strategies-MAJ GEN NITIN GADKARI

 

Tactics:

The above factors influenced the entire gamut of Shivaji Maharaj's fighting strategy and tactics. Shivaji Maharaj knew his aim of establishing 'Hindavi Swarjya' could not be achieved through mere hope. Yet he understood the immense shortfall in resources at his disposal. Therefore, his first challenge was how to start. He thus formed the strings of preliminary strategies. He formed a small army with the help of his close friends and their followers. He was then looking for places from where they could operate. The only answer to this dilemma was to secure a few forts for himself. Shivaji Maharaj secured the fort of Torna at the young age of 16. The capture of Torna came with a buried treasure. It allowed Shivaji Maharaj to make a few more forts, as forts allowed his small force to fight and hit back. After Torna Shivaji, Maharaj conquered newer forts, Chakan, Kondana, and Purandar. By 1659, apart from those named above, Shivaji had a string of hill forts with him: Rajgadh, Rohira, Tikona, Rajmachi, Lohgarh, Pratapgadh etc. Shivaji Maharaj had also captured many forts on the Konkan coast as well. For Shivaji Maharaj, forts were the lifeline to his rule and the instruments of fighting his enemies. The forts were not merely defensive positions. Shivaji Maharaj used them for offensive actions. He used the forts like a Pivot. It is a term that is aptly described in the Indian Army's 'Glossary of Military Terms.' They are defensive positions established in flat terrain with vast frontages, like in the Rajasthan and western Punjab deserts. The term used for them is the 'Pivot of Manoeuvre'. A Pivot has all the elements for a defensive and offensive battle. Forts for Shivaji Maharaj had a similar use. They were positions from where Shivaji's commanders could unleash their offensive elements at the appropriate time. All the hill forts were in a plug-and-play mode. It meant there was no sacrosanct rule that force from Fort A would return to Fort A. A force out on an expedition could get into any fort for short durations and act as reserves or strike elements. Hence, the Mughals found the siege of hill forts a dangerous tactical posture.

The use of forts as a war tactic is best understood by studying the campaign of Afzal Khan into Jawli. In 1660, Shivaji Maharaj had a fort constructed in Jawali: Pratapgadh. This fort was the principal instrument in the killing of Afzal Khan and the defeat of his army of around 10,000 cavalry, assisted infantry, and artillery that had travelled from Bijapur by the express sanction of his sultan Adil Shah II. His offensive actions also included capturing newer forts so that they offered mutual support to each other. At the time of his death, he had 240 forts, but by 1665, he had about 35 under his control. A part of offensive tactics would be covered later when we discuss two of his famous battles in 1670-72.

Offensive Strategy:

Shivaji Maharaj's first strategy was inspired by Fabius, the famous Roman general, in 220 BC.

"Sometimes the Best way to win is not to lose."

"The Fabian military strategy involves wearing down an enemy over time through a war of attrition and indirection. The strategy is named after Roman General Quintus Fabius Maximus, who used it in 221 BC to stop Carthaginian General Hannibal's invasion of Rome. The Fabian strategy is known for its use of time and is traditionally favoured by the weaker side. The weaker side avoids decisive engagements and instead uses tactics to harass the enemy's lines of communication. The goal is to weaken the enemy, disrupt its supply, and affect its morale. The side using the Fabian strategy may believe that time is on their side, or they may adopt it when no other strategy is possible".

Hence, during his initial warning years, Shivaji Maharaj fought with the Adil Shahi and Mughals in a war of attrition. His inferior forces would strike and not engage the enemy in a confrontation. They would disengage and vanish into the hills or forests at the first sign of a significant force coming, only to regroup at a pre-selected rendezvous point. Central to this strategy was the possessions of the hill forts. Luckily for Shivaji Maharaj, the Sahyadri was a favourite destination for the earlier Hindu kings of the 11th and 12th centuries CE. So many of those forts existed even in the 17th century, either in the hands of the Mughals or the Adil Shahi forces, since Nizam Shahi had collapsed and ceased to exist in 1636 CE. The Mughals and the Adil Shahi forces distributed all the Nizam Shahi forts.

Shivaji Maharaj realised that a Mughal or the Adil Shahi soldier was not a hill creature, and his fitness was found wanting. He took adequate advantage of it and created turmoil in their ranks through hit-and-run tactics. Unlike the Rajputs in the North and NW of India, the Marathas were averse to giving a battle. The Mughals, in the beginning, called it cowardice, till realisation dawned on them that it was a very well-thought-of strategy of Shivaji Maharaj.

Trickery as a Strategy.         During that period, trickery or deceit was an instrument to get the better of the enemy, and using it was not considered blasphemy. Afzal Khan used it in Jawli. He came to kill Shivaji Maharaj under the garb of friendship. Adil Shah used it to imprison Shivaji Maharaj's father in Bijapur. Aurangzeb used it against Shivaji Maharaj when he put him under house arrest at Agra. Most of the forts were captured in those days by deceit. So, deceit was a common trait to get the better of the enemy. Being short on resources, Shivaji Maharaj was adept at using trickery as an instrument of his strategy.  

Uniting the Maval Chiefs.    One of the greatest strategic victories of Shivaji Maharaj was to bring all the Maval chiefs under a single flag. In the period between the capture of the Torna in 1646 and 1660, i.e. up to Afzal Khan's march into Jawli Shivaji Maharaj, he had a turbulent time trying to balance his force. The old Maratha province was divided into small provinces ruled by local chieftains. Their provinces were called Mavals. The Maval belt gave Shivaji Maharaj most of his fighting strength. These 12 regions of Maval were ruled by chieftains who called themselves the Raja. They were the Deshmukhs, Sar-Deshmukhs, and the Sarnaiks, Desais. Meaning the landlords. They exuded tremendous control and power in their respective regions. First, they were unwilling to join Shivaji Maharaj and share his dream. For them, the sardeshmukhi under any ruler was more acceptable; no matter who ruled the Deccan, their position was secure and hereditary. Amidst such exalted status, they did not want to fight a superior force for a dream that seemed unattainable to all initially. Thus, Shivaji Maharaj's battle was both internal and external. Even Napoleon has remarked, "It is very difficult for a nation to create an army when it is not already a body of officers and non-commissioned officers to serve as a nucleus of a military organisation." Historians have written about his military and administrative exploits. Still, his ability to rein in the Maratha Maval chiefs has not received the same fame. Shivaji Maharaj's soldiers were his military strength. They made his force become such a ferocious and agile fighting force. One Maval chief worth mentioning is 'Chadrarao More'. The chief of Jawali. The most inaccessible region is Sahyadri, where it is rumoured even Timur Lane could not reach it. It is because it lay in a patch of thick jungle surrounded by high hills. Chandra Rao More had once sworn his allegiance to Shivaji Maharaj's father, Shahaji. But once he left, the Jawli chief did a volta face and declared himself an independent. His cockiness stemmed from his confidence in Jawli's invincibility. Shivaji Maharaj subdued him by reaching his gates with force. He ran but was captured and ultimately executed by Shivaji Maharaj for treason. He was the last Maval chief to succumb to Shivaji Maharaj's authority.

Influence of Forts on Shivaji Maharaj's Military Strategy and Tactics.-GEN NITIN GADKARI-PART 1

 

Dear Readers,

I had the privilege of giving a talk on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s mind. The extract below is the text of the speech I had delivered. It's long, but you may find it interesting, so do read along. Thank You for being there.

(Charge of the Maratha cavalry in the Battle of Salher 1672 Salher fort in the backdrop)

Influence of Forts on Shivaji Maharaj's Military Strategy and Tactics.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Maharaj is a much-revered personality. He has a divine image in Maharashtra and is compared to the Shiva the God. There is a sound reason for it. Historians see him in India as the man who stopped the tyranny of the Mughal rule in India. The Mughals, invaders from a foreign land, ruled this country for over three centuries. Whatever their contributions to India, they have a blot which cannot be erased, and that is their persecution of the Hindu religion and its followers. Shivaji Maharaj swore to liberate his land from foreign rule and give his people the freedom to follow their religion without fear of persecution. His concept of 'Hindavi Swarjya'. Yet Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj has many detractors. His life history also bears contradictions, and his life is open to many different interpretations. Why is Shivaji Maharaj's life open to discussion? This is a critical question. Shivaji's life was never chronicled by anyone when he was alive except either the foreigners or his court poet, Kavindra Permanand Govind. To top it all, most of the chronicles written during his time were either lost or destroyed. The Britishers are accused of burning his capital, Raigad Fort, which housed numerous records and correspondence of his time. Most literature written on Shivaji Maharaj other than Maudi, a dialect of Marathi, is based on either the Mughal A& Persian chronicles or the English/French/Dutch factory records. Dennis Kincaid's book 'History of Maratha People', writes :

"Shivaji has, by curious fate, suffered more at the hands of the historians than any other character in history. They have one and all accepted the opinion of Grant Duff as final. And while judging Shivaji with utmost harshness, they have been singularly indulgent with his enemies."

Yet there is unanimity amongst all that he was the shrewdest general of his time. Many Portuguese and French historians have compared him to Hannibal and Napoleon. This paper examines Shivaji Maharaj's mind's brilliance and ability to think beyond the obvious and the normal. Central to his successes were the presence of forts in the Sahyadri or on the Konkan coast. His brilliance lay in his ability to build his strategy and tactics around forts, a force multiplier balancing the lack of large standing armies his adversaries possessed.

Constraints

To understand why Shivaji Maharaj devised a specific strategy or tactics, one must understand the constraints he worked under. Pointwise, it is given below:

• Terrain
• Lack of manpower and resources
• A divided state
• Surrounded by enemies on all sides
• Lack of revenue

Terrain: At the height of his power, Shivaji controlled the regions of Konkan, western parts of Maharashtra, and parts of Karnataka or greater Karnataka, which at that time encompassed the present-day Tamil Nādu. If one looks at the terrain available in this dominion, it is characterised by three essential segments. To the West was the vast coastline, and the Konkan belt ran from Gujrat to the South. Konkan is the narrow belt of land that runs parallel to the coastline South of Mumbai and south of Goa. The long and dense line of a mountain range is called the Sahyadri, also called the Western Ghats. Sahyadri ranges extend from Gujrat into Tamil Nadu and are all along the western coast. Maharashtra has a 650 km vertical length. It is steep and forested initially in Maharashtra, tapers down a bit in Karnataka, and rises again in Kerala, where it merges with before it merges with the plains of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Sahyadri was the focal point around which Shivaji's dominion existed. On the east of the Sahyadri were the massive plains of the Deccan Plateau, which were bereft of any natural cover but interspersed with rivers. River Bhima and Nira were of great importance to Shivaji.

Lack of Manpower and Resources: Shivaji Maharaj did not inherit an empire or an army to start his struggle. When he dreamt big, he was short on manpower and resources. He lived in a jagir ruled by his father on behalf of the Adil Shahi sultanate. He had no fighting force and no fort to take shelter from his enemies. He started with a small band of his childhood friends and their followers when he took the 'Hindavi Swarjya' oath at Raireshwar in 1645.

A divided State. The region which Shivaji Maharaj wanted to liberate was ruled by chieftains who owed no allegiance to their population.   Almost all of them, barring a few, were vassals of the Adil Shahi or the Mughals. Their masters had no concern for their population if people paid their taxes on time. These Maval chiefs were ruthless in getting their share of taxes from their population, which always reeled under the burden of debt and poor crops. They hated being subservient to one of their own. Shivaji Maharaj's battle started from this reality.

Surrounded by Enemies from all Sides: To make matters worse, his intended dominion was surrounded by his prospective enemies, i.e., the Mughals in North Deccan, the Adil Shahi Sultanate in Bijapur, which was Southern Eastern Deccan, and the Qutub Shahi Eastern portion of Deccan Plateau. The Portuguese, Siddhis, and the English on the Konkan coast were behind him. The resources available to his adversaries were far better than he could have hoped to raise.

Lack of Revenue.  The people he vowed to liberate were living in abject poverty, abuse, and subservience. They were looked down upon, and centuries of foreign rule had depleted their will to stand up for their rights and demand basic human dignity. The Hindu religion was scorned and abused, and its gods were desecrated. Their source of income was agriculture, which needed more institutional support. Shivaji Maharaj had to improve agricultural production to increase revenues or find alternate means.

जम्मू-काश्मीरमध्ये नुकत्याच तीन टप्प्यांत विधानसभा निवडणुकांची घोषणा 25 ...

बांगलादेश मुळे भारताला काय धोका आहे एक विश्लेषण

Global Media Reactions to PM Modi's Ukraine Visit:

  Historic Visit Amidst Ongoing Conflict

Prime Minister Narendra Modi made history by becoming the first Indian PM to visit Ukraine since diplomatic ties were established in 1992. During his visit to Kyiv, Modi met Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, offering India’s support and expressing solidarity with the war-stricken nation. This visit, which came just months after Modi’s trip to Moscow, has garnered significant global media attention due to its potential implications for the ongoing conflict and India’s foreign policy.

Global Media's Perspectives

Reuters: A Volatile Juncture in the Conflict

Reuters highlighted the timing of PM Modi’s visit, noting it occurred at a critical and “volatile juncture” in the ongoing war. The agency drew parallels between Modi's visits to Kyiv and Moscow, suggesting similar optics as he called for peace in both instances. Reuters also reported that Ukraine had reacted with frustration after a Russian missile struck a children’s hospital on the same day Modi met Putin in Moscow. The report underscored the importance of India's influence over Moscow, as emphasized by Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy.

The New York Times: A Calibrated Approach

The New York Times described Modi's visit as a "carefully calibrated" move in India's relations with the warring nations. The outlet quoted Harsh V. Pant, a professor at King’s College London, who suggested that the visit was aimed at positioning India as a voice of the global south in the conflict. The visit also offered an opportunity to discuss the broader impact of the war on poorer nations.

AP: A Shift Towards Neutrality?

The Associated Press (AP) interpreted Modi’s visit as a potential shift towards a more neutral stance, balancing India's relationship with both Russia and Ukraine. Ukrainian analyst Yurii Bohdanov commented on the long and complex process of establishing relations with India, emphasizing the importance of India’s support for Ukraine’s peace efforts and its potential to influence the Global South.

BBC: Signaling Strategic Autonomy

The BBC portrayed Modi’s visit as a diplomatic tightrope, signaling that while India maintains strong ties with Russia, it is also committed to working closely with Western nations. The outlet quoted Michael Kugelman of the Wilson Centre, who remarked that the visit was a move to reassert India’s strategic autonomy and advance its national interests.

Global Times: A Symbolic Gesture

China's Global Times was critical of Modi’s visit, labeling it a "symbolic gesture" with limited potential to advance peace talks. The report suggested that India’s limited resources and influence in global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict would likely constrain its role as a mediator.

Moscow Times: A Gesture of Support Amidst Trade Relations

The Moscow Times noted that while Modi’s visit might be seen as a gesture of support for Ukraine, it is important to remember his recent visit to Moscow. The outlet highlighted India's ongoing trade with Russia despite Western sanctions, interpreting Modi’s visit as defiance against the West.

Al Jazeera: Potential Peacemaker Role

Al Jazeera reflected on the strategic significance of Modi’s visit, suggesting it could bolster India’s status as a potential peacemaker in the conflict. The Qatar-based outlet quoted retired Indian diplomat Anil Trigunayat, who acknowledged the challenges but emphasized the importance of pursuing peace through dialogue and diplomacy.

Conclusion: A Diplomatic Tightrope

PM Modi's visit to Ukraine has been interpreted in various ways by the global media, from a balancing act between conflicting allegiances to a symbolic gesture with limited impact. While the visit underscores India’s long-standing commitment to peace, it also highlights the complexities of navigating international relations amidst a major conflict