A 7 Maratha-Style Guru Purnima at Satara – With a Twist of Patriotism and Laughter

On the occasion of Guru Purnima (10 July 2025), I was invited by an NGO in Satara to deliver a talk on a rather serious subject:

"Vigilant Citizens are Essential for a Secure India" (aka "सुरक्षित भारतासाठी सजग नागरिकांची गरज").

Now, Satara being home to a large number of ex-servicemen—including from 7 Maratha Light Infantry—I simply dropped a WhatsApp message sharing the event details. Little did I expect a tsunami of patriots to descend upon the venue!

To my pleasant surprise, despite it being a working Thursday and the function being scheduled at the not-so-popular hour of 4:30 p.m., a large number of them turned up—smart, spirited, and shining with Maratha pride. Photos of the function are shared, and I dare say, they reflected more enthusiasm than a parade ground on inspection day!

Now here's where it gets interesting: although I was only a guest speaker, the Satara 7 Maratha family decided to hijack the event (lovingly, of course) and honour me in true Maratha style—complete with a shawl, coconut ,a buke of flowers, a tilak, and heartfelt affection. They even commandeered the mic and forced the organizers to let Captain Vijaykumar More deliver a fiery speech. And what a speech it was! I genuinely believe he could give TED Talkers a run for their money.

A few unforgettable names that I must mention include:

• Captain Vijaykumar More, Captain D. Mandhre, Captain H. Jadhav, Captain Raskar

• Subedar Majors Haridas Jadhav, Subhash Yamgar, Swami Jadhav

• Subedars Gaikwad, Vaman Pawar, Ankush Kadam

• Havaldars Kanse, Kirdat, Bansode, Nikam, Waghmare, Shinde, Dhumal, Gujar

• On-duty: Havaldar Ramesh Kadam (Sainik School Satara) and Havaldar Raviraj Kesare (NCC Satara)

In addition to our soldiers, veterans from other battalions, Air Force, Navy, and over 1,500 enthusiastic citizens joined the event, making it a grand affair.

Capt More  on behalf of the veterans had assured the organizers in his speech  that they are also contributing to nation building. Later, in a light hearted moment, I asked some of them what keeps them busy these days. With a straight face and twinkling eyes, Captain Dayanand Mandhre replied:

"We all wait eagerly for the evening—to contribute to nation-building... one peg at a time!"

Now that’s what I call spiritual spirit for the nation!

Thank you Satara veterans—for the honour, the warmth, the laughter, and the brotherhood that you bestowed on me on 10July

The weapons used, Ships And Weapons Used By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy,Challenging Portuguese Dominance:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Sx1rl3VN0w&t=20s 

Ships And Weapons Used By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy

The Gurab fighting ship was of 150-300 ton capacity and had two 9 to 12 pounder cannons in the front and 6 to 9 pounder cannons on the side.

The Galbat was a smaller ship with 2-4 pounder Canon guns,Ship was manned  by 40-50 sailers and with speed of 6 km per hour.

Galbat: were large warships employed by the Maratha Navy. They were sturdy vessels with a robust structure and significant cargo-carrying capacity. Galbats were armed with cannons and equipped with multiple decks to accommodate a large crew.They were primarily used for naval warfare and played a crucial role in engaging enemy fleets and coastal defenses. These warships provided firepower, stability, and a platform for boarding actions.

Gallivat: were smaller ships used by the Maratha Navy. They were swift and maneuverable vessels, often equipped with sails and oars. Gallivats had a shallow draft, allowing them to navigate shallow coastal waters and enter narrow estuaries.They were versatile ships that performed various roles, including coastal patrol, reconnaissance, and escorting larger vessels. They were well-suited for hit-and-run tactics, coastal raids, and transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.

Merchant Ships Dhows

Dhows were traditional sailing vessels commonly used for trade and transportation in the Indian Ocean. They had a distinctive design with a triangular or lateen sail and a shallow draft, allowing them to navigate coastal waters effectively.

Shivaji Maharaj's navy made use of dhows for maritime trade and transportation along the coastal regions. These vessels played a role in facilitating commerce, ensuring the supply of goods, and maintaining connections with other regions.

The weapons used by Shivaji Maharaj's navy

Cannons: Cannons were an essential part of naval warfare during that time. They were mounted on the ships and used to fire heavy projectiles at enemy vessels or coastal fortifications.

Muskets and Firearms: Muskets and firearms were used by the naval soldiers for close-quarters combat. These weapons provided an advantage in boarding actions and during naval battles.

Swords and Daggers: Melee weapons like swords and daggers were used for hand-to-hand combat during boarding actions or when ships were engaged in close combat.

Bows and Arrows: Although the use of bows and arrows was less prevalent in naval warfare during Shivaji Maharaj's time, they were occasionally used for long-range engagements.

Tasks Undertaken By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy.

Coastal Defense: One of the primary tasks of the Maratha Navy was to defend the Konkan coast and protect Maratha territories from coastal invasions by enemy forces. They were responsible for monitoring and safeguarding the coastline, coastal forts, and key ports against attacks from rival powers, such as the Portuguese, Siddis, and Mughals. Preventing European and Siddis, from harassing common people of Konkan was a very major task.

Challenging Portuguese Dominance: Shivaji Maharaj aimed to challenge their dominance and limit their control over the region. His Navy actively engaged in naval battles and skirmishes with the Portuguese fleet, disrupting their operations and weakening their hold on key ports and trade routes.

Raiding Enemy Ships and Ports: They would launch surprise attacks, capture enemy vessels, and seize valuable resources and supplies. These raids not only inflicted economic damage on the adversaries but also boosted the morale of the Maratha Navy.

Supporting Land Campaigns: His Navy played a vital role in supporting land campaigns by providing naval firepower and transport for troops and supplies. They would conduct amphibious operations, provide artillery support from the sea, and assist in the capture of coastal forts during land offensives.

Protecting Maritime Trade: His Navy was assigned the task of safeguarding Maratha merchant vessels and ensuring the safe passage of trade ships along the Konkan coast. This involved protecting them from pirate attacks and enemy privateers.

By effectively managing and deploying his naval forces, Shivaji Maharaj sought to secure his maritime territories, protect trade, challenge rival powers, and establish Maratha dominance in the region.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj,s Navy a versatile and multifaceted Fighting...

The following aspects will covered in this article:-

·         Ships  And Weapons Used By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy

·         Tasks Undertaken By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy.

·         Tactics Employed by Shivaji Maharaj's Navy

·         Strengths of the Shivaji Maharaj's

·         Important  Battles Fought by

·         Defeating The Siddi of Janjira

·         Shivaji Maharaj Navy a versatile and multifaceted entity

Training Imparted To Soldiers To Fight The European, Siddhi Navies Effectively

 

Shivaji Maharaj implemented various training methods to prepare his soldiers and sailors to effectively combat the European navies and the Siddhi Navy. The training focused on developing skills and tactics suited for naval warfare of that era.

 

Naval Combat Techniques: This included instruction in close-quarter combat, boarding enemy ships, and hand-to-hand combat skills. Soldiers were trained to use weapons such as swords, spears, and muskets effectively in the confined spaces of ships.

 

Ship Handling and Navigation: Training encompassed ship handling and navigation skills. Sailors were taught how to handle different types of vessels and smaller boats. They were trained in maneuvering ships, setting sails, navigating coastal waters, and understanding wind patterns and tides.

 

Gunnery Training: Soldiers and sailors were taught how to operate cannons effectively, including loading, aiming, and firing cannons accurately. Gunnery training also included knowledge of different types of ammunition and their uses.

 

Naval Warfare Tactics: This included tactics such as hit-and-run attacks, coastal raids, surprise assaults, and guerrilla warfare strategies. Soldiers were trained in the art of ambushing enemy ships, utilizing the element of surprise, and exploiting the coastal geography to gain an advantage.

Physical Fitness and Endurance: Soldiers and sailors were subjected to rigorous physical training. This included exercises to build strength, stamina, and endurance. Physical fitness was crucial for combat effectiveness, especially during boarding actions and long periods at sea.

The Mallakhamb, or vertical pole, erected on each ship served multiple purposes. It was primarily used for training and exercise of the soldiers on board. Soldiers would practice various physical exercises, such as climbing, balancing, and acrobatics, to improve their agility, strength, and combat skills.

Leadership and Discipline: Training programs emphasized obedience, teamwork, and the importance of following orders. Soldiers were trained to maintain discipline during battles and to exhibit strong leadership qualities when required.

 

Countering European Tactics: Shivaji Maharaj sought the assistance of European experts and adopted certain aspects of European naval warfare, such as the use of broadside cannon fire, in his training programs. This allowed his forces to effectively counter the tactics employed by European navies.

 

Shivaji Maharaj's training methods were dynamic and evolved over time. He regularly sought input from experienced sailors and experts and adapted his training programs based on the changing nature of warfare. This ensured that his forces were well-prepared to face the challenges posed by the European and Siddhi Navies.

Ships And Weapons Used By Shivaji Maharaj's Navy

The Gurab fighting ship was of 150-300 ton capacity and had two 9 to 12 pounder cannons in the front and 6 to 9 pounder cannons on the side.

The Galbat was a smaller ship with 2-4 pounder Canon guns,Ship was manned  by 40-50 sailers and with speed of 6 km per hour.

Galbat: were large warships employed by the Maratha Navy. They were sturdy vessels with a robust structure and significant cargo-carrying capacity. Galbats were armed with cannons and equipped with multiple decks to accommodate a large crew.They were primarily used for naval warfare and played a crucial role in engaging enemy fleets and coastal defenses. These warships provided firepower, stability, and a platform for boarding actions.

Gallivat: were smaller ships used by the Maratha Navy. They were swift and maneuverable vessels, often equipped with sails and oars. Gallivats had a shallow draft, allowing them to navigate shallow coastal waters and enter narrow estuaries.They were versatile ships that performed various roles, including coastal patrol, reconnaissance, and escorting larger vessels. They were well-suited for hit-and-run tactics, coastal raids, and transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.

Merchant Ships Dhows

Dhows were traditional sailing vessels commonly used for trade and transportation in the Indian Ocean. They had a distinctive design with a triangular or lateen sail and a shallow draft, allowing them to navigate coastal waters effectively.

Shivaji Maharaj's navy made use of dhows for maritime trade and transportation along the coastal regions. These vessels played a role in facilitating commerce, ensuring the supply of goods, and maintaining connections with other regions.

The weapons used by Shivaji Maharaj's navy

शिवाजी महाराजांच्या नौदलाने स्वराज्याला कसे सुरक्षित केले, गनिमी कावा कि...

मराठयांची सांघिक कामगिरी जमिनीप्रमाणे ह्या समुद्रावरील (आरमार)'गनिमी काव्या'तही उत्कृष्टच होती. महाराजांच्या कारकिर्दीच्या अखेरीला पोर्तुगीजांनी मराठी आरमाराला सवलती देणे सुरू केले.

मागच्या लेखात आपण आरमाराची काही माहिती घेतली होती, आता पुढे. आरमारासंबंधात आपली उद्दिष्टे सुरुवातीच्या काळात तरी खाडया आणि किनारे एवढयापुरतीच राहायला पाहिजेत, हे महाराजांनी ओळखले आणि तशीच उपाययोजना केली. किनाऱ्याला आणि खाडयांमध्ये पाणी फार खोल नसते. त्यामुळे त्यांनी सपाट बुडाच्या नौकांना प्राधान्य दिले. तसेच वाऱ्याची साथही किनारपट्टीला आणि खाडयांमध्ये कमीच लागणार व असणार, हे जाणून त्यांनी वल्ही मारण्याच्या छोटया नौकांना प्राधान्य दिले. जमिनीवरील किल्ल्यांप्रमाणे समुद्री किल्ल्यांची जोडही त्यांनी आपल्या नौदलाला दिली. कारण रसद, संरक्षण, दुरुस्ती अशा तिन्ही सुविधा त्यातून मिळत होत्या. किल्ल्यांनाही टेहळणीसाठी आणि संपर्कासाठी ह्या नौकांचा चांगला उपयोग होत असे. अशा परस्परपूरक रचना करण्यात महाराजांचा हातखंडा होता. वल्ही मारणाऱ्या नौकांवर भिस्त असणाऱ्या नौकांचा उपयोग करून महाराजांनी खांदेरी बेटावरच्या किल्ला बांधणाऱ्या आपल्या कामगारांना आणि सैनिकांना रसद सतत चालू ठेवली. ही रसद बंद न करता आल्यानेच इंग्राजांना ह्या संघर्षातून नामुश्कीची माघार घ्यायला लागली. इंग्राजांच्या नौका महाराजांच्या नौकांपेक्षा खूप मोठया आणि मारगिरीत सरस होत्या, पण मराठयांनी समुद्रावरही 'गनिमी कावा' दाखवून त्याची मारकक्षमता प्रत्यक्ष उपयोगात येऊच दिली नाही. इंग्राजांची जहाजे मोठी असल्यामुळे वारा अनुकूल असल्याशिवाय त्यांचा उपयोग होत नसे. वारा पडलेला पाहून नेमक्या वेळी मराठे हलचाल करीत आणि इंग्राजांना हताश होऊन पाहत राहण्याशिवाय काही करता येत नसे. खाडीचे पाणी फार खोल नसल्यामुळे, हल्ला करून किंवा रसद पुरवून पळणाऱ्या मराठयांच्या छोटया नौकांचा पाठलागही इंग्राजांना करता येत नसे. आपल्या मुलखाला साजेशा ह्या युध्दपध्दतीमुळे इंग्राजांसारख्या बलाढय शत्रूलाही मराठयांनी जेरीस आणले. खांदेरी किल्ल्याच्या बांधकामाला संरक्षण देणाऱ्या मराठी सैन्यानेही आपले मनोबल खचू न देता इंग्राजांना यशस्वीरित्या तोंड दिले. मराठयांची सांघिक कामगिरी जमिनीप्रमाणे ह्या समुद्रावरील 'गनिमी काव्या'तही उत्कृष्टच होती.

ह्या आरमारी लढाईत 'संगमेश्वरी' पध्दतीच्या मराठी नौकांचा सर्वात जास्त उपयोग झाला. खांदेरीच्या रणसंग्राामात फार मोठया लढाया कधीच झाल्या नाहीत, मात्र सतत छोटया-मोठया चकमकी होत राहिल्या आणि त्याच इंग्राजांना जाचक झाल्या. ह्या चकमकींमुळे मोहिमेचा कालावधी वाढत गेला आणि त्यामुळे खर्च वाढून इंग्राज अडचणीत आले. मराठयांच्या ह्या क्षमतेचे भान आल्यामुळेच इंग्राजांनी तह करून ही मोहीम आटोपती घेतली. ह्यातल्या अनुभवामुळेच संगमेश्वरी पध्दतीच्या नौका आपल्याकडेही असल्या पाहिजेत असे त्यांना वाटू लागले.

महाराजांच्या ह्या धोरणीपणावर इंग्राजांची 'English people would never be slaves, because English fleet rules the waves' ही दर्पोक्ती मात करू शकली नाही. अशेरी, सुवर्णदुर्ग, खांदेरी, कुलाबा इ. मुंबईजवळची किल्ल्यांची साखळी ह्यात उपयोगी पडत होती. त्यामध्ये खांदेरी किल्ला मुंबईला सर्वात जवळ असल्याने इंग्राज व सिद्दी यांच्यामध्ये पाचर मारण्यासाठी त्याचा सर्वाधिक उपयोग होता. हे इंग्राज व सिद्दीलाही कळत असल्यानेच त्यांनी मराठयांना अयशस्वी पण कडवा विरोध केला.

आपले शत्रू म्हणून महाराजांनी इंग्राज, सिद्दी, पोर्तुगीज, डच यांना समोर ठेवले होते. आपले कार्यक्षेत्र म्हणून त्यांनी सुरत ते कडवाड (कारवार) हा पश्चिमी समुद्रकिनारा निश्चित केला होता. सुरुवातीला हे सर्वच शत्रू समुद्रावर व काही अंशी जमिनीवर / किनाऱ्यावर महाराजांना भारी होते. पण महाराज इ.स. 1660नंतर हळूहळू प्रभावी होत गेले.

उत्तरेला खांदेरी ते दक्षिणेला सिंधूदुर्ग इथपर्यंत 13 सागरी किल्ले उभारून / सुधारून किंवा काबीज करून महाराजांनी आपल्या समुद्री व्यापारालाही लढाऊ नौदलाच्या साह्याने उत्तम संरक्षण व प्रोत्साहन दिले. महाराज आग्य्राला औरंगझेबाच्या कैदेत अडकलेले असताना रांगणा किल्ला जिंकून स्वराज्य एका किल्ल्याने वाढवणारा रावजी उर्फ राहूजी सोमनाथ हाच महाराजांचा कोकण विभाग, त्यातही प्रामुख्याने व्यापारी व्यवधान सांभाळत असे, हे ह्या संदर्भात उल्लेखनीय. महाराजांचे Aggressive Marketing त्यातून चांगले व्यक्त होते. अनेक परकीयांच्या पत्रव्यवहारात ह्या रावजी सोमनाथचा उल्लेख वारंवार आला आहे.

व्यापाराचे महत्त्तव ओळखून मिठाच्या व्यापाराकरता महाराजांनी व्यापारी नौदल तयार ठेवले होते. मस्कत व मोचा ह्या अरबांच्या बंदरांशी व्यापार करण्याकरता त्यांनी डोलकाठयांची तीन जहाजे बांधली होती. मस्कतच्या इमामाशी महाराजांचे व्यापारी संबंध होते. ते फार घनिष्ट होते असे नव्हे, पण ह्या इमामाचे पोर्तुगीजांशी हाडवैर होते. शत्रूचा जो शत्रू तो आपला मित्र, या तत्त्वानुसार महाराजांनी त्यांच्याशी थोडा स्नेह ठेवला होता. व्यक्तिगत भेट अर्थातच झालेली नव्हती, पण दोस्तीचे सूत्र हुशारीचे होते. इथे त्याचा इस्लाम धर्म महाराजांनी विचारातही घेतलेला दिसत नाही.

इमामाच्या दोस्तीचा फायदा घेऊन महाराजांनी पोर्तुगीजांकडून काही सवलती मिळवल्या होत्या. मस्कतच्या व्यापाऱ्यांनाही महाराजांच्या पश्चिम भारतातील किनाऱ्यावर फायदा होई, विशेषतः पोर्तुगीज त्यांना त्रास देत नसत. महाराजांच्या कारकिर्दीच्या अखेरीला पोर्तुगीजांनी मराठी आरमाराला सवलती देणे सुरू केले, ज्या ते मुघलांना देत असत.

महाराजांच्या आरमारात कोळी, गावित, भंडारी, खारवी, मुसलमान यांचा व इतरांचा प्रामुख्याने भरणा असे. ह्याचा अर्थ मराठी नौदलात नाविक होण्याचा एक नवा पेशाच महाराजांनी कोकणवासीयांना उपलब्ध करून दिला. कारण उपरोल्लेखित सर्व जमाती कोकणातल्याच आहेत. सुमारे 5000 लोक महाराजांच्या आरमारात काम करत होते. ह्याचा अर्थ 5000 कुटुंबांची आर्थिक स्थिती त्यामुळे सुधारली. महाराजांच्या आर्थिक उलाढालीचे, साहसांचे सुफल परिणाम सर्वकष होते.

Shivaji Maharaj has been compared by Europeans with great war leaders. Portuguese viceroy-compared him with Ceaser, Alexander, the British compared with Hannibal

https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/7/Shivaji-Maharaj-Strategist.html Few important aspects are covered in Part 2 of my article.

Brief History of Marathas.

Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry,Artillery,

Maratha Weapons

Growth of Shivaji Maharaj Army,

Shivaji’s Army administration

Forts As Impregnable Defences 

Brief History of Marathas

Marathas were Sub sect of Hindu community ,stout fighters of Chalukya king in 7th century c.e . Maratha dynasties of ancient pre Muslim period were Chalukyas (500 c.e. to 750c.e.), Rashtrakutas (750 c.e. to 978 c.e. Yadavas or Jadhavs (1175 c.e. to 1318 c.e.). Marathas first clash with Muslims came in 1314 c.e under Ramdev Rai Yadav ruler Devagiri(Daulatabad) lost to invaders and became mercenaries of Muslim overlords.

Prior to Shivaji Maharaj ,Marathas were mercenaries and revenue collectors of Muslim rulers with shifting loyalty. Shivaji Maharaj under influence of his mother from the Yadav clan became first Hindu to openly revolt and defy Muslim rule .Shivaji Maharaj defied Adilshah rulers of Bijapur and Mughul ruler Auranzeb by capturing number of forts using stealth and guerrilla tactics. After large number of skirmishes ,gurreila warfare ,victories ,treaties and , escapes ,Shivaji Maharaj was crowned king of Marathas on 6th of june 1674.

 Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry, Artillery 

25 horsemen were commanded by Havaldar.5 Havaldars came under Jumledar.10 Jumledar came under a Hazari. 5 Hazari came under Pach Hazari. 5 Panch Hazari came under Sarnaubat.

Infantry also was similarly organized.10 soldiers were commanded by Naik, 5 Naiks under Havaldar & similar organization as in cavalry thereafter.

The army was well organized- planning was done minutely, could form various battle formations,was flexible, plans were executed audaciously. Units were permanent, and had better team work, 

As the warfare was of extreme mobility, artillery was not considered as an important arm.Also Marathas lacked the facilities for the production of artillery. Principal source of equipment remained European settlements, especially the French. The French had supplied Shivaji Maharaj with 88 guns ,3000 mound of ammunition . The British also have had supplied him with some guns. 

Weapons used by his Army were mostly made locally but there are reports of some highly skillful local blacksmiths being used to manufacture higher quality of arms.

Maratha Weapons

The terrain also made them use light weaponary .Ofcourse, with an increase in their military power, their gureilla style often made way certain amount of sophistication in their weaponry.

 Some of the weapons traditionally used by the Marathas were the variants of swords like the talwaar, the firangi, the khandaa, the paataa .

Variety of daggers like the kataar, the shamsher,the jaambiya .

the bhaalaa (spear), dhanushya baan (bow and arrows), kurhaad( battle axe), parshu (axe variant), gadaa / gurz (mace) or unique weapons like the waagh nakh (tiger claws). 

Weapons modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art

 These weapons were made as per the designs borrowed from the Rajputs, the Mughals,the Persians,the Afghans and the Europeans. But were often modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art. 

Lohar Khana to manufacture weapons was established in Pune under Bhima Lohar whose outstanding manufacturing skills were recognised by Shivaji Maharaj.

https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/7/Shivaji-Maharaj-Strategist.html

Shivaji Maharaj As Strategist,History, Cavalry, Infantry,Artillery,Mara...

Few important aspects are covered in Part 2 of my article.

• Brief History of Marathas.

• Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry,Artillery,

• Maratha Weapons

• Growth of Shivaji Maharaj Army, 

• Shivaji’s Army administration

• Forts As Impregnable Defences

Brief History of Marathas

Marathas were Sub sect of Hindu community ,stout fighters of Chalukya king in 7th century c.e .Maratha dynasties of ancient pre Muslim period were Chalukyas (500 c.e. to 750c.e.), Rashtrakutas (750 c.e. to 978 c.e. Yadavas  or Jadhavs (1175 c.e. to 1318 c.e.). Marathas first  clash with Muslims came in 1314 c.e under Ramdev Rai Yadav ruler Devagiri(Daulatabad) lost to invaders and became mercenaries of Muslim overlords.

Prior to Shivaji Maharaj ,Marathas were mercenaries and revenue collectors of Muslim rulers with shifting loyalty .Shivaji Maharaj under influence of his mother  from the Yadav clan became first Hindu to openly revolt and defy Muslim rule .Shivaji Maharaj defied Adilshah rulers of Bijapur and Mughul ruler Auranzeb by capturing number of forts using stealth and guerrilla tactics. After large number of skirmishes ,gurreila warfare ,victories ,treaties and  ,escapes  ,Shivaji Maharaj was crowned king of Marathas on 6th of june 1674.

Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry,Artillery,

25 horsemen were commanded by Havaldar.5 Havaldars came under Jumledar.10 Jumledar came under a Hazari.5 Hazari came under Pach Hazari.5 Panch Hazari came under Sarnaubat.

Infantry also was similarly organized.10 soldiers were commanded by Naik,5 Naiks under Havaldar & similar organization as in cavalry thereafter.  

The army was well organized- planning was done minutely, could form various battle formations,was flexible, plans were executed audaciously. Units were permanent, and had better team work,

As the warfare  was of extreme mobility, artillery was not considered as an important arm.Also Marathas lacked the facilities for the production of artillery. Principal source of equipment remained European settlements, especially the French. The French had supplied Shivaji Maharaj with 88 guns ,3000 mound of ammunition . The British also have had supplied him with some guns.

Weapons used by his Army were mostly made locally but there are reports of some highly skillful local blacksmiths being used to manufacture higher quality of arms.

Maratha Weapons

The terrain also made them use  light weaponary  .Ofcourse, with increase in their military power, their gureilla style often made way certain amount of sophistication in their weaponry.

• Some of the weapons traditionally used by the Marathas were the variants of swords like the talwaar, the firangi, the khandaa, the paataa . 

• Variety of daggers like the kataar, the shamsher,the jaambiya . 

• the  bhaalaa (spear), dhanushya baan (bow and arrows), kurhaad( battle axe), parshu (axe variant), gadaa / gurz (mace) or unique weapons like the waagh nakh (tiger claws).

Weapons modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art 

These weapons were made as per the designs borrowed  from the Rajputs, the Mughals,the Persians,the Afghans  and the Europeans. But were often modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art.

Lohar Khana to manufacture weapons was established in Pune under Bhima Lohar whose outstanding manufacturing skills were recognised by Shivaji Maharaj. 

His personal bodyguards were excellent users of traditional Marathas weapons. 

Jiva Mahala his bodyguard saved Shivaji Maharaj from a sudden attack from Sayyad Banda during encounter with Afzal Khan.Jiva severed  Sayyad Bandas hand with his Dand patta. Baji Prabhu Deshpande also used Dand Patta very effectively while stopping Siddi Johar at Pawankhind.

The Marathas also used weapons like muskets, matchlocks, firangi swords, clubs, bows, spears, daggers, etc. Other commonly used weapons were Dandpatta,Vita,Bothati, Talwar,Bhala, Jambia,( दांडपट्टा, विटा, बोथाटी, तलवार, भाला, जांबिया,) Body armour, helmet Arab swords by the Infantry.

Cavalary used bow and arrows ,spears,Matchlock is a type of firearm wherein the gunpowder is ignited by a burning piece of rope that is touched to the gunpowder by a mechanism that the musketeer activates by pulling a lever or trigger with his finger.

Patta was considered to be a highly effective weapon for infantrymen against heavily armoured cavalry.

Intelligence Gathering was World Class

Intelligence head was Bahirji Jadhav who had developed efficient system of intelligence collection. Shivaji Maharaj considered collecting intelligence as his command task. At times he himself gathered intelligence as against Afzal khan and his Surat raid he acted as Faqir, His sources in Mughal/Adilshahi court worked well. He knew their intentions, movement and battle plans.

Shivaji Maharaj: Armed Forces, Ordnance Management, Military Strategy & Tactics (Part 1) Shivaji Maharaj was a Statesman of outstanding ability

 https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/3/Shivaji-Maharaj-Armed-Forces.html

he occasion is being celebrated in a big way for three days in Maharashtra. But he was not only hero for Maharashtra but an icon for the entire nation and the world. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a military genius who evolved Indian way of fighting war and defeated the enemies with Indian weapons.The whole country needs to understand his contribution to Hindavi Swarajy.

On June 6, 1674, the Maratha warrior king was crowned at the fort from which he had established 'Hindavi-Swaraj'.

While addresing the nation PM Modi, "When Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's coronation took place, it carried the slogan of Swaraj. Shivaji was a great soldier as well as a great administrator. He ended the mindset of slavery."

PM Modi added, "Hundreds of years of slavery had taken away the self-esteem and confidence of our countrymen. It was a difficult task, at that time, to instill confidence in people. But, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, during that period, not only fought the invaders but also infused a belief in the people that self-rule was possible". Moreover, her said that taking the inspiration form the Maratha King, India also freed the Navy from a trace of slavery and replaced identity of the British rule with the royal seal of Shivaji Maharaj.

I will present “Shivaji Maharaj Armed Forces, Ordnance Management, Military Strategy and Tactics”. This presentation is covered in the form of three articles. The first article covers the following aspects:-

Enemy Then- Mughal/Adil shahi/ Kutub Shahi Army

Their Organization Of Camps/Firm Base For Campaigns

Their Battle Tactics

Analysis Weaknesses Mughal Army

Shivaji Maharaj was a Statesman of outstanding ability, he was energetic and enterprising, far Sited and secretive in his operations. His lively imagination, was tempered with a profound common sense. He possessed the skill to fashion a Maratha army, an instrument of War which was fitted his own military genius and the 16—1700 century in which he was fighting, the Mughals, Adilshahi and the Kutubshahi. He was a staunch disciplinarian and a marvellous organizer. Throughout his life, he never lost sight of his aim that was Swarajya. He was optimistic and possessed indomitable spirit which could neither be quelled by adversary nor in satiated by the success.

As a leader of men he was not only the brain but the sound of the Maratha Army. He magnetized all who came into contact with him and knew how to stir their hearts and make them do heroic deeds. The wellbeing of his soldiers was his constant concern. He had won their trust and devotion not only by leading from the front but also so by his daily concern in their welfare and happiness. He rose naturally to be the king of Marathas, all men saw him, that he was such. His highest moral virtue was outlook towards women, he had an extra ordinary respect for them. He abhorred rape, violence and punished severely those who were guilty of these crimes.

All in all he was a military genius and an all time great hero that all Indians need to study and follow. In this article it is proposed to carry out an analysis of the armed forces that he created, which was based upon appreciated weaknesses of the their armed forces, their strategy and tactics and also were most suitable to the terrain in which he operated to fight the enemy in the mountain ranges of Western Ghats.

https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/3/Shivaji-Maharaj-Armed-Forces.html

शिवाजी महाराजांची रणनीती, मोगल सैन्य,मोगलांचे युद्धाचे डावपेच,शिवाजी मह...

Shivaji Maharaj Armed Forces, Ordnance Management, Military Strategy And...

On the ocassion of the Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's 350 coronation anniversary on June 6, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, called Maratha King the beacon of courage and bravery and said he ended the mindset of slavery.

The occasion  is being celebrated in a big way for three days in Maharashtra. But he was not only hero for Maharashtra but an icon for the entire nation and the world. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a military genius who evolved Indian way of fighting war and defeated the enemies with Indian weapons.The whole country needs to understand his contribution to Hindavi Swarajy.

On June 6, 1674, the Maratha warrior king was crowned at the fort from which he had established 'Hindavi-Swaraj'.

While addresing the nation PM Modi, "When Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's coronation took place, it carried the slogan of Swaraj. Shivaji was a great soldier as well as a great administrator. He ended the mindset of slavery."

PM Modi added, "Hundreds of years of slavery had taken away the self-esteem and confidence of our countrymen. It was a difficult task, at that time, to instil confidence in people. But, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, during that period, not only fought the invaders but also infused a belief in the people that self-rule was possible".Moreover, her said that taking the inspiration form the Maratha King, India also freed the Navy from a trace of slavery and replaced identity of the British rule with the royal seal of Shivaji Maharaj.

I will present “Shivaji Maharaj Armed Forces, Ordnance Management, Military Strategy and Tactics”. This presentation is covered in the form of three articles.The first article covers the following aspects:-

·        Enemy Then- Mughal/Adil shahi/ Kutub Shahi Army

·        Their Organization  Of Camps/Firm Base For Campaigns

·        Their Battle Tactics

·        Analysis Weaknesses Mughal Army

 

Shivaji Maharaj was a Statesman of outstanding ability, he was energetic and enterprising, far Sited and secretive in his operations. His lively imagination, was tempered with a profound common sense. He possessed the skill to fashion a Maratha army,an instrument of War which was fitted his own military genius and the 16—1700 century in which he was fighting,the Mughals,Adilshahi and the Kutubshahi. He was a staunch disciplinarian and a marvellous organizer. Throughout his life, he never lost sight of his aim that was Swarajya. He was optimistic and possessed indomitable spirit which could neither be quelled by adversary nor in satiated by the success.

As a leader of men he was not only the brain but the sound of the Maratha Army. He magnetised all who came into contact with him and knew how to stir their hearts and make them do heroic deeds. The wellbeing of his soldiers was his constant concern. He had won their trust and devotion not only by leading from the front but also so by his daily concern in their welfare and happiness. He rose naturally to be the king of Marathas, all men saw him, that he was such. His highest moral virtue was outlook towards women, he had an extra ordinary respect for them. He abhorred rape, violence and punished severely those who were guilty of these crimes.

 All in all he was a military genius and an all time great hero that all Indians need to study and follow. In this article it is proposed to carry out an analysis of the armed forces that he created ,which was based upon appreciated weaknesses of the their armed forces, their strategy and tactics and also were most suitable to the terrain in which he operated to fight the enemy in the mountain ranges of Western Ghats.

Enemy Then- Mughal/Adil shahi/ Kutub Shahi Army

The enemy then was Mughal, Adilshahi, Kutubshahi, and subversieve elements within. Shivaji Maharaj had studied the armies of the enemy, their strategy and tactics, their strong points and weak points. He there after organized his own army,evolved Indian way fighting,used innovative strategy and tactics to out maneuver  his enemy. A brief analysis is given in succeeding paras.

Infantry

Infantry was considered as inferior to the cavalry.Strength- was 10,000 with emperor.30,000 soldiers were assigned to Subas(states) and forts.The weapon were swords and matchlocks. Shihabandi was a para military force used for policing jobs.

Cavalry

Cavalry was the strong point of  these armies and was the most powerful arm. Ahadis cavalalary  were paid by emperor directly .Mansabdars were required maintain numbers of cavalry as per their ranks some standing, some reserve.The weapons used by them were sword,shield and long bow.The mounts they used wereTurki,Tazi,Yabu Breeds mostly foreign.

Artillery

Super heavy artillery, was mainly used in forts for protection,the projectiles/shot upto 100 kg were used.Siege artillery which was used to capture forts ,used upto 50 kg of shot .

Elephants

Elephants were status symbol for important Sardars and were cause of many defeats, as they could be identified easily and neutralized by long range weapons such as bow and arrows. Attacking elephants and making them run amok  was also a common tactics used to defeat them.

Elephants and camels were used for towing heavy artillery and for Ordnance management ,both during peacetime and campaigning season.

Strength Armed Forces

The strength of Mughal army was 2 lakh horsemen but available immediately was 50,000-60,000 cavalry,5-10,000 infantry. Adilshahi and Kutubshahi fielded-30,000 cavalary.There was no standard uniform.The soldiers belonged to various ethnic groups,hence team work ,cohesive ness was lacking.

Organization  Of Camps/Firm Base For Campaigns And Battles

The Mughal camp was like a mobile city .During campaigns  they had one lakh foot soldiers,50,000 cavalry. Sellers of food far exceeded combatants.Their number was 500,000 persons,50,000 camels,3000 elephants.

Ordance,Supplies,Logistics

शिवाजी महाराजांची रणनीती, गनिमी कावा आज पण देशाला सुरक्षित करु शकतो20 FE...

#Shivaji Maharaj Armed Forces, Ordnance Management,# Military Strategy A...

393rd birth anniversary of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj falls on 19 February 2023. It is being celebrated in a big way for three days in Maharashtra. But he was not only hero for Maharashtra but an icon for the entire nation and the world. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a military genius who evolved Indian way of fighting war and defeated the enemies with Indian weapons.The whole country needs to understand his contribution to Hindavi Swarajy.

Samskruti Adhyayana Kendra(a unit Samskruti Foundation)  and Shivaji Sphoorti Kendra, Srisailam,Hydrabad conducted a National Conference on ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji’s Statecraft: Lessons for Modern India’.

Many facets of his personality and his Hindavi Swarajya were presented in this conference by more than 35 experts.

I was asked to present “Shivaji Maharaj Armed Forces, Ordnance Management, Military Strategy and Tactics”. This presentation is covered in the form of three articles.The first article covers the following aspects:-

·        Enemy Then- Mughal/Adil shahi/ Kutub Shahi Army

·        Their Organization  Of Camps/Firm Base For Campaigns

·        Their Battle Tactics

·        Analysis Weaknesses Mughal Army

 

Shivaji Maharaj was a Statesman of outstanding ability, he was energetic and enterprising, far Sited and secretive in his operations. His lively imagination, was tempered with a profound common sense. He possessed the skill to fashion a Maratha army,an instrument of War which was fitted his own military genius and the 16—1700 century in which he was fighting,the Mughals,Adilshahi and the Kutubshahi. He was a staunch disciplinarian and a marvellous organizer. Throughout his life, he never lost sight of his aim that was Swarajya. He was optimistic and possessed indomitable spirit which could neither be quelled by adversary nor in satiated by the success.

As a leader of men he was not only the brain but the sound of the Maratha Army. He magnetised all who came into contact with him and knew how to stir their hearts and make them do heroic deeds. The wellbeing of his soldiers was his constant concern. He had won their trust and devotion not only by leading from the front but also so by his daily concern in their welfare and happiness. He rose naturally to be the king of Marathas, all men saw him, that he was such. His highest moral virtue was outlook towards women, he had an extra ordinary respect for them. He abhorred rape, violence and punished severely those who were guilty of these crimes.

 All in all he was a military genius and an all time great hero that all Indians need to study and follow. In this article it is proposed to carry out an analysis of the armed forces that he created ,which was based upon appreciated weaknesses of the their armed forces, their strategy and tactics and also were most suitable to the terrain in which he operated to fight the enemy in the mountain ranges of Western Ghats.

Enemy Then- Mughal/Adil shahi/ Kutub Shahi Army

The enemy then was Mughal, Adilshahi, Kutubshahi, and subversieve elements within. Shivaji Maharaj had studied the armies of the enemy, their strategy and tactics, their strong points and weak points. He there after organized his own army,evolved Indian way fighting,used innovative strategy and tactics to out maneuver  his enemy. A brief analysis is given in succeeding paras.

Infantry

Infantry was considered as inferior to the cavalry.Strength- was 10,000 with emperor.30,000 soldiers were assigned to Subas(states) and forts.The weapon were swords and matchlocks. Shihabandi was a para military force used for policing jobs.

Cavalry

Cavalry was the strong point of  these armies and was the most powerful arm. Ahadis cavalalary  were paid by emperor directly .Mansabdars were required maintain numbers of cavalry as per their ranks some standing, some reserve.The weapons used by them were sword,shield and long bow.The mounts they used wereTurki,Tazi,Yabu Breeds mostly foreign.

Artillery

Super heavy artillery, was mainly used in forts for protection,the projectiles/shot upto 100 kg were used.Siege artillery which was used to capture forts ,used upto 50 kg of shot .

Elephants

Elephants were status symbol for important Sardars and were cause of many defeats, as they could be identified easily and neutralized by long range weapons such as bow and arrows. Attacking elephants and making them run amok  was also a common tactics used to defeat them.

Elephants and camels were used for towing heavy artillery and for Ordnance management ,both during peacetime and campaigning season.

Strength Armed Forces

The strength of Mughal army was 2 lakh horsemen but available immediately was 50,000-60,000 cavalry,5-10,000 infantry. Adilshahi and Kutubshahi fielded-30,000 cavalary.There was no standard uniform.The soldiers belonged to various ethnic groups,hence team work ,cohesive ness was lacking.

Organization  Of Camps/Firm Base For Campaigns And Battles

The Mughal camp was like a mobile city .During campaigns  they had one lakh foot soldiers,50,000 cavalry. Sellers of food far exceeded combatants.Their number was 500,000 persons,50,000 camels,3000 elephants.

Ordance,Supplies,Logistics

The supply required per horses was -6 kg/day, soldiers received 1.5-2 kg /day.10,000 horse men required 70-80 tons/supplies per day.Roads were necessary for artillery-hence arty was left behind  but it required protection and was a good target for the Marathas. Long line of supplies were not secure. As there were no roads, plains of north India was suitable for pitched battles but Shivaji Maharaj made them fight in the hills of western Ghats, terrain very unsuitable for Mughal armies.

Bigger rivers were crossed at 

दिल्लीचेही तख्त राखतो महाराष्ट्र माझा!-from author unknown-whatat app post

 

दिल्लीचेही तख्त राखतो महाराष्ट्र माझा!

निर्णायक युद्धं इतिहासात तशी अनेकदा झाली. दुसरे महायुद्ध, 1971चे बांगलादेशची निर्मिती ही काही अलीकडची उदाहरणे. भारतवर्षातील अनेक महत्त्वाच्या संग्रामांमध्ये 1761चे पानिपत युद्ध अग्रस्थानी येते. याची कारणे अनेक आहेत - प्रचंड प्राणहानी आणि त्यामुळे इतिहासात झालेला बदल, हे त्यातील प्रमुख. या कडव्या झुंजीचे परिणाम त्यानंतरच्या नजीकच्या आणि दूरच्या काळातही दिसून आले, हे निर्विवाद आहे. आज आपण जेव्हा मागे वळून पाहतो, तेव्हा काय चित्र डोळ्यांसमोर येते, याचे थोडे विश्लेषण करणे, हा या लेखाचा उद्देश.

 तराव्या शतकात शिवरायांनी महाराष्ट्रात स्वराज्य स्थापिले. याचे मूळ स्वरूप तुर्की-इराणी पातशाहच्या परराज्यापासून स्वराज्यनिर्मिती असेच होते. भारतीय इतिहासातील महत्त्वाच्या पाऊलखुणांमध्ये जून 1674 मधील शिवराज्याभिषेक! इथून मराठेशाहीचा पुढील वटवृक्ष वृद्धिंगत झाला. 1720 ते 1740 या काळात छत्रपती शाहू यांच्या कालखंडात, बाजीराव पेशवे यांचा झंझावात हिंदुस्थानभर पसरला. जसे मुघल राज्य खिळखिळे झाले, तसे वायव्येकडील शत्रू पुन्हा हिंदुस्थानात शिरण्याचा प्रयत्न करू लागले. 1739च्या नादीर शाहच्या सैतानी स्वारीनंतर केवळ मराठेच यांना तोंड देऊ शकतात, हे सर्वमान्य झाले. अप्रत्यक्षपणे, याच वेळेपासून हिंदुस्थानच्या रक्षणाची जबाबदारी मराठी सत्तेवर येऊ लागली.

यानंतर अवघ्या दहा वर्षांत नादीर शाहचा एक नोकर, अहमद शाह अब्दालीने पंजाबवर आक्रमण केले. मुघल पातशाह मुहम्मद शाहने नानासाहेब पेशवे यांनादेखील मदतीसाठी बोलावले. पण, त्यापूर्वीच आक्रमण परतवण्यात यश आलेले होते. जेव्हा पुढील चार वर्षांत अब्दालीच्या आणखी दोन स्वार्‍या आल्या, तेव्हा दिल्लीचा वजीर सफदर जंगने मराठ्यांची मदत मागितली. रोहिले-पठाण हे अब्दालीचे भारतातील हस्तक होते आणि सफदर जंगचा त्यांनी पराभवही केला होता. तेव्हा शिंदे आणि होळकर प्रथमच अंतर्वेदीत गेले आणि रोहिल्यांचा त्यांनी पराभव करून वजिराला पुन्हा गादीवर बसवले. सफदरजंगाने त्यानंतर 1752 साली मराठ्यांशी तह केला, ज्यायोगे मुघल पातशाह आणि राज्य याचे सर्वप्रकारे रक्षण करण्याची जबाबदारी त्यांनी पत्करली. त्याबदल्यात 30 लक्ष रुपये आणि अनेक पातशाही सुभे मराठ्यांना दिले जातील, असे मान्य करण्यात आले. इथून अब्दाली आणि मराठे या एकमेकांपासून दूर, अशा सत्तांच्या संघर्षाचा पाया रचला गेला.

 उत्तरेत जे अनेक अफगाण-रोहिले स्थायिक झाले होते, त्यात नजीब खान, हाफिज रेहमत खान आणि अहमद खान बंगश हे प्रमुख होते. मराठ्यांची वाढती सत्ता पाहून ते धास्तावले होते. यात शाह वलिउल्लानामक एका कट्टर धर्मगुरूंचीही भर पडली. आपला धर्म आणि राजकीय सत्ता, दोन्ही या मराठ्यांपासून धोक्यात आहे, अशा अर्थाची गार्‍हाणी त्यांनी आपल्या मायदेशाच्या पराक्रमी पातशाह अहमद शाह अब्दालीकडे नेली. तुम्ही दिल्लीत या, या दख्खनी मराठ्यांना हुसकावून लावा, आम्ही तुमच्या खर्चाची काळजी घेतो, अशा स्वरूपाच्या या विनवण्या होत्या.

वास्तविक हिंदुस्थानातील संपत्ती हे एक आकर्षण अब्दालीला पुरेसे होते. त्यात धर्मयुद्धाची जोड आल्याने 1757 मध्ये तो पंजाब ओलांडून दिल्लीकडे आला. पाच हजार मराठा फौज दिल्लीच्या रक्षणासाठी हजर होती, पण ती हे आक्रमण थोपवू शकली नाही, तरी त्यांनी तीन लढाया दिल्या. दिल्ली काबीज करून अब्दालीने तेथे लुटीची पराकाष्ठा केली. मुघल पातशाह, वजीर, त्यांची कुटुंबे, त्यांची पिढीजात संपत्ती पूर्णतः लुटून त्यांना अक्षरशः नागवले. घरात खणत्या लावून संपत्ती बाहेर काढली. पण, इथे तो थांबला नाही. नजीबच्या आग्रहावरून तो मथुरा आणि वृंदावन येथे धार्मिक युद्ध खेळला. तेथील तीर्थयात्री आणि साधुसंत यांची कत्तल केली. यमुनेच्या पाण्याचा रंगदेखील या रक्ताने लाल झाला. उन्हाळ्याची चाहूल लागताच अब्दाली दिल्लीची प्रचंड संपत्ती घेऊन मायदेशी परत गेला.

 काही महिन्यांतच रघुनाथराव आणि होळकर यांनी दिल्ली पुन्हा जिंकून घेतली. पंजाबमध्ये जाऊन त्यांनी तैमूर शाह अब्दालीची लाहोरहून हकालपट्टी केली. मुलतान, अटक, पेशावरपर्यंत मराठा ठाणी बसवली. अब्दाली यावेळी इराणशी लढत होता आणि त्यातून तो बाहेर पडेल का नाही, हे कोणी सांगू शकत नव्हते. रघुनाथ राव आणि होळकर दक्षिणेत परत गेले, तेव्हा दत्ताजी शिंदे त्यांच्या जागी आले. इकडे नजीब खान पुन्हा अब्दालीशी संधान बांधू लागला. बोलणी करण्यात दत्ताजींना गर्क ठेवून, त्याने अब्दालीला पुन्हा येऊन धर्मयुद्ध लढण्यास पाचारण केले. अशा प्रकारे ऑक्टोबर 1759 मध्ये अब्दाली हिंदुस्थानावर आपल्या पाचव्या स्वारीस निघाला.

जेव्हा प्रचंड सेनेनिशी अब्दाली आला, तेव्हा दत्ताजीने दिल्ली वाचवण्यासाठी शर्थ केली आणि लढाईमध्ये आपला प्राण रणांगणी ठेवला. पुढे मल्हारजी होळकरांचा ही पराभव झाला. ’मोठा दीर्घ रोग आहे अब्दाली! याची उपेक्षा न करावी महाराज!’ असे उत्तरेकडून एक पत्र नानासाहेब पेशवे यांना आले. त्यानंतर दक्षिणेतून एक मोठे सैन्य, तोफखान्यासहित, सदाशिव राव भाऊ घेऊन निघाले. हिंदुस्थानात परप्रांतीयांना जागा नाही, सर्व शक्तींनी आपल्याबरोबर अफगाण आणि रोहिले यांच्याविरोधात लढावे, अशी भारतीय सत्ताधीशांना त्यांनी पत्रे धाडली. मात्र, मराठ्यांच्या मदतीला कोणी आले नाही, हे सर्व राजे केवळ आपला बचाव करीत आपल्या राज्यात राहिले. जुलै 1760 मध्ये दिल्ली मराठ्यांच्या हातात आली. त्यानंतर ऑक्टोबर 1760 मध्ये कुंजपुरा काबीज करून भरपूर रसद त्यांना मिळाली आणि त्याच महिन्याच्या अखेरीस दोन्ही फौजा पानिपत येथे समोरासमोर उभ्या ठाकल्या.

पानिपत येथे दि. 14 जानेवारी, 1761 रोजी अफगाण, रोहिले आणि अयोध्या नवाब शुजा उद दौला एकत्ररित्या मराठ्यांविरुद्ध लढले. पानिपतचे युद्ध तब्बल सात तास चालले. दुपारपर्यंत मराठा सैन्य हे युद्ध जिंकत आहे, असे चित्र होते. मराठा हुजुरात अफगाण वजिराची फळी फोडून अगदी अब्दालीच्या छावणीजवळ पोहोचले. हे पाहून आपल्या कुटुंबाला वेगवान उंटांवर बसवून अब्दालीने पलायनाची तयारी केली, असे त्याच्याच एका इतिहासकाराने नमूद केले आहे. मराठे युद्ध जिंकणार, असे वाटत असतानाच, एक गोळी विश्वासराव पेशवे यांना लागली आणि ते धारातीर्थी पडले. अनावर होऊन सदाशिवराव भाऊ गिलच्यांच्या सैन्यावर तुटून पडले. ’हाणा! मारा!’ अशा घोषणा देत मराठा हुजुरात, तुकोजी आणि जनकोजी शिंदे, यशवंतराव पवार, सोनजी भापकर, इब्राहिम गारदी असे अनेक वीर प्राणपणाने लढले. अब्दालीलाही मोठ्या प्रमाणात प्राणहानी सोसावी लागली. परंतु, अखेर मराठ्यांचा पराभव झाला. मुख्य म्हणजे, युद्धानंतर निःशस्त्र शरण आलेल्यांची कत्तल करून अब्दालीने स्वतःवर कायमचा कलंक लावून घेतला.

नानासाहेब पेशवे यावेळी झाशीजवळ दहा हजार सैन्यानिशी पोहोचले होते. शिवाय दक्षिणेत दोन मराठा फौजा हैदर आणि निज़ामाच्या तोंडावर होत्या. अब्दालीच्या सैन्यात आणखी एक युद्ध लढण्याची क्षमता नव्हती. अब्दालीने दिल्लीत आल्यावर मराठा वकील बापू हिंगणेंना बोलावून तह करण्याची इच्छा प्रकट केली. पेशव्यांकडे वकील पाठवला व पत्रात लिहिले की, “आपल्या बंधूंनीच माझ्यावर हल्ला केल्यावर मला युद्ध लढणे भाग होते. पण, आता हिंदुस्थानाचा व्यवहार मी आपणांस सुपूर्द करतो.” दि. 20 मार्च, 1761 रोजी पानिपतचा विजेता रिकाम्या हाताने फारशी संपत्ती न मिळवताच मायदेशी जो निघून गेला, तो परत त्याने दिल्लीत प्रवेश केला नाही. 1739 पासून सुरू असलेली आक्रमणांची मालिका पानिपतला मराठ्यांनी कडवी झुंज देऊन संपुष्टात आणली.

‘चंबळ नदीच्या दक्षिणेत जा,’ असे मराठ्यांना सांगणार्‍या अब्दालीने सतलज नदी आपली सीमा करू,असे यावेळी मान्य केले. अर्थात, पुढे शिखांनी त्याला तेथूनही मागे ढकलले. सिकंदराच्या काळापासून भारतावर होणारी आक्रमणे, पानिपतनंतर मात्र थांबली. एवढेच नव्हे, तर 1770 अखेर दिल्लीवर ताबा मिळवून मराठ्यांनी भोवतालचा प्रदेश जिंकून घेतला. उत्तरेत गंगापार जाऊन नजीबचा पत्थरगड किल्ला लुटून फस्त केला.

 या सर्व घटनांची परिणती मराठ्यांचा कुमाऊँच्या टेकड्यांच्या पायथ्यापासून दक्षिणेत कावेरी नदीपर्यंत आणि गुजरात ते ओडिशा या सर्व भारतखंडावर मराठ्यांचा ताबा राहिला. जर अब्दालीच्या प्रस्तावांना मान्य करून मराठे चंबळच्या दक्षिणेत गेले असते, तर त्याच्या उत्तरेकडच्या प्रदेशास कायमचे मुकले असते. आजच्या भारताच्या नकाशात सतलज नदी ही जवळजवळ 200 किलोमीटरपर्यंत भारताची सीमा आहे. जर मराठे दक्षिणेत राहिले असते, तर ही सीमा चंबळपर्यंत दक्षिणेत येऊ शकली असती. पुढे 33 वर्षे दिल्ली हरियाणा आणि पूर्वेकडे अलिगढपर्यंत मराठ्यांचा ताबा राहिला. दिल्लीसह हा प्रदेश 1803 मध्ये इंग्रजांनी मराठ्यांकडून जिंकला आणि त्यामुळेच 1947 मध्ये पुन्हा सतलज नदी हीच पुन्हा सीमा निश्चित झाली, असे म्हटले तर फारसे वावगे ठरू नये.

शिवछत्रपतींचे दिल्ली जिंकण्याचे ध्येय, मानस आणि मराठ्यांनी पानिपत आणि तद्नंतर केलेला पराक्रम या भगीरथ प्रयत्नांमधून आजच्या भारताचा नकाशा निर्माण झाला आहे. 17व्या आणि 18व्या शतकातील मराठा राज्य झाले, म्हणून आपण अभिमानाने आपल्या इतिहासाकडे पाहू शकतो, नाहीतर आपला इतिहास म्हणजे एक गुलामगिरीची शृंखलाच झाली असती.

 शिवराज्याभिषेकानिमित्त छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज यांनी स्थापन केलेले स्वराज्य आणि या राज्यास गगनावरी नेणार्‍या वीर मराठ्यांना यासाठी नम्र अभिवादन ’स्वातंत्र्याच्या अमृतमहोत्सव’ वर्षानिमित्त करणे आवश्यकच आहे. महाराष्ट्राचा राष्ट्रनिर्मितीतला वाटा मोठा आहे, याची जाणीव सार्वजनिक होणेही आवश्यक आहे. कारण खरंच आहे, दिल्लीचेही तख्त राखतो महाराष्ट्र माझा!!