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Monday, 24 August 2026

# REAL GEN Z HEROS-From a Backyard Court to the World Stage-Treesa Jolly & Gayatri gopichand

 


On Saturday evening, Pullela Gopichand was in no hurry to leave.

The former All England champion, chief national coach, and one of Indian badminton’s most influential figures had just watched his daughter, Gayatri Gopichand, and Treesa Jolly win a medal at the World Championships in Delhi. Standing in the mixed zone under the arena lights, he continued answering questions long after most coaches would have left.

There was pride in his voice, along with something rarer for a man usually all business at courtside: a sense of lightness. He joked with organisers, answered patiently, and seemed content to let the moment linger.

A day later, another father spoke about the same medal from a very different setting.

Jolly Mathew was on the phone from Cherupuzha, a small town in northern Kerala where badminton courts did not exist until he built one himself. His voice travelled through a patchy phone line, but the pride was unmistakable. He wanted to speak about the journey that had taken his daughter from a modest courtyard in Kannur district to the World Championships podium in the national capital.

For Gopichand, the story of achievement is already familiar: the All England title in 2001, the successful coaching career that followed, and the rise of players such as Saina Nehwal and PV Sindhu. Over the past two decades, his name has become inseparable from the growth of Indian badminton.

This time, however, it was Jolly Mathew’s story that deserved to be told.

A Volleyball Court Becomes a Badminton Court

Mathew was a physical education teacher and a respected volleyball coach at St Joseph’s School in Cherupuzha, Kannur. At his home, he had a volleyball court in the courtyard where he trained young players every evening. The sound of the ball striking the packed earth was a familiar part of family life.

Treesa and her elder sister grew up watching from the sidelines.

Mathew initially believed both daughters might take up volleyball. They were surrounded by the game and watched it being played daily just outside their home. But as he observed them, he began to consider which sport would be most suitable for children of their age.

“She was very interested in sports. She wanted to play and was very enthusiastic,” Mathew told IndiaToday.in.

“At home, I used to train girls in volleyball, and she would watch them practise and play. She was very interested in all of that.”

Since badminton could be played from a young age, Mathew felt it would suit Treesa better. He had played the sport to some extent himself, and almost by accident, the volleyball coach became a badminton coach for an audience of one.

“I thought that if I was training children from the neighbourhood, I should also bring my own child into the field,” Mathew said. “I wanted to find a game that suited her, and because I had played badminton to some extent, it was the first game that came to my mind.”

There was one major obstacle: Cherupuzha had no badminton courts nearby.

So, he built one.

“There were no courts in our area, so I built an indoor court at our house and trained her there,” he said.

The badminton court was initially the family’s volleyball court, repurposed for the two sisters.

“My father was a volleyball coach, and we had a volleyball court in our backyard. At that time, many players were taking up badminton, so he converted it into a badminton court for me and my elder sister,” Treesa told the Badminton Association of India.

Kerala’s monsoon made an open court unusable for much of the year. Mathew covered the court with tarpaulin, making rain another challenge to train through rather than a reason to stop training.

The Financial Struggle

The bigger challenge was financial.

“We did not understand that initially. We went to one state-level tournament and only later realised how the system worked,” Mathew said.

Selection to the Kerala team depended on participation in ranking tournaments across the state. Each tournament required travel, entry fees, equipment, accommodation, and time away from work. For a family dependent on a teacher’s salary, the expenses were significant.

“So we had to travel to all these tournaments,” he said.

There were no sponsors to ease the burden.

“We faced many financial difficulties. There was no sponsorship from anyone, whether from the association or elsewhere. We had to bear the expenses ourselves.”

Treesa remembers those years too. What she remembers most, however, is that her father never allowed the financial pressure to become her burden.

“The initial days were difficult. It was an expensive sport, and we had to face many financial struggles,” she said. “But I think my father somehow never made me feel those pressures.”

“That confidence gives you something special when your parents tell you that you have the talent to play at that level. My parents have been amazing in that regard. I am here because of them.”

Mathew coached Treesa himself until Class 7. Then he made an important decision: he stepped aside because he understood that remaining her coach could eventually limit her progress.

Looking Beyond Conventional Success

Treesa was also a good student. Her strong performance in the Plus Two examinations meant that conventional career options—medicine, engineering, or a government job—were open to her.

Mathew understood the appeal of those choices. Yet, the more he watched his daughter train on the tarpaulin-covered court, the more he felt that badminton was the path she should follow.

“We had our own ambitions, of course,” he said.

“But I never looked at sport merely as a means to get a job. I saw it as something that could contribute to health, physical fitness, and enjoyment.”

Over time, this view grew into a stronger conviction.

“How many doctors can we have?” he asked. “There can be many doctors from one school or one panchayat. But how many people can become Indian players?”

His ambition was never modest. “First, you want to become an Indian player. After that, you want to reach the World Championships and the Olympics.”

For Treesa, he believed the dream had to be even bigger.

“It was not just about going to the Olympics. She wanted an Olympic medal.”

Mathew had seen something in his daughter that he believed was uncommon.

“If you study well, you can become a collector. There can be thousands of collectors. But there are very few people who win medals at this level. There is only one PV Sindhu. There cannot be many PV Sindhus.”

A decision made in a small Kerala town would eventually inspire an entire village.

Treesa later said, “I think my father is the star. When I started playing, there was nothing in my village. After the Commonwealth Games medal, I can see so many courts now. Students come to me, people are excited to play, and everyone in my village plays badminton now. Earlier, there was only a clay court.”

Knowing When to Let Go

Mathew took Treesa as far as he reasonably could. He knew that to progress further, she would need more specialised coaching.

His friend, Dr Anil Ramachandran, the head of sports at Kannur University and a badminton specialist, took Treesa under his guidance. The family arranged accommodation near the university, and Ramachandran coached her from Class 8 to Class 11. During this period, she began rising through the ranks of competitive badminton.

The national camp followed. Eventually, she came under the guidance of Pullela Gopichand.

On the strength of her international performances and junior ranking, Treesa was included in the Target Olympic Podium Scheme. In February 2020, while still in Plus One, she joined Gopichand’s senior camp in Hyderabad.

A journey that had begun on a patch of packed earth in Cherupuzha had reached the highest level of India’s badminton system.

Two Players, Two Pressures

In 2021, Treesa Jolly and Gayatri Gopichand were paired together, shortly after India emerged from the Covid-19 pandemic. Coaches at the academy were experimenting with combinations among promising juniors.

Treesa’s natural game was built around power from the backcourt. Gayatri was more comfortable near the net and in the frontcourt. On paper, the partnership made sense even before the first shuttle was struck.

Yet, the two players came from very different backgrounds.

Gayatri grew up with a surname that carried enormous prestige in Indian badminton. It opened doors, but it also brought expectations. She had to constantly prove that her place in the game was earned through performance, not inherited through her father’s name.

Treesa came from a town where the first badminton court was built by her father in their own backyard.

Both carried pressures they had not chosen.

Gayatri has spoken openly about the weight of expectations.

“Honestly, I think sometimes on court I do feel that pressure,” she said. “I would not say I do not, but there is also a lot of guidance. That is the better part of it.”

Over time, she learned how to handle it.

“Many people tell me, ‘You are Gopi sir’s daughter. You need to prove yourself.’ But I think I am much better now. There is pressure, but I have learned how to manage it.”

Treesa’s pressure was different. It was less about living up to a famous name and more about honouring the sacrifice her family had made to give her an opportunity.

Over the years, those two separate journeys merged into one partnership.

They reached two All England semi-finals, won a Commonwealth Games medal, and emerged as India’s leading women’s doubles pair. Yet one question remained: were they merely India’s best pair, or could they truly compete with the world’s elite?

The Power Behind Treesa’s Game

The answer arrived in Delhi, with a sound that became familiar across the arena: the sharp crack of a Treesa Jolly smash.

Her power from the backcourt became one of the dominant talking points of the World Championships. Commentators repeatedly highlighted the pace and force she generated, which gave the Indian pair a weapon that few opponents could handle.

The roots of that strength lay in her childhood volleyball training.

“My jump smash may also be because my father made me train with volleyball drills at the beginning,” Treesa said.

“When I was in Class 1, I used to practise the volleyball jump serve. That gave me strength.”

The volleyball coach who had trained neighbourhood children in his backyard had, without intending to, helped create one of Indian badminton’s most formidable attacking weapons.

Mathew had recognised her natural aggression long before she had a major stage on which to display it.

“She has always had tremendous energy, power, and aggression,” he said. “It is naturally in her.”

Over the years, elite coaching gave shape to that raw ability. Her power was refined with better timing, control, shot selection, and deception. The fire remained the same; only the stage grew larger.

The Breakthrough in Delhi

Treesa and Gayatri arrived in Delhi after a disrupted season. Treesa had been sidelined by injury for nearly three months, causing the pair to lose ranking points and competitive rhythm.

However, a 45-day training period under Pullela Gopichand and B. Sumeeth Reddy helped them rebuild their game. Gayatri assumed greater responsibility in the backcourt while Treesa worked her way back to full match fitness.

“I wanted to cover the backcourt when she returned because it would not be easy for her to come back after injury and cover so much area,” Gayatri said.

Treesa, meanwhile, improved her net play and added greater finesse to her powerful attacking game.

In Delhi, the pair defeated the seventh seeds and then overcame the fourth-seeded Chinese pair, whom they had never beaten before. In the semi-final, they won the opening game against the world’s top-ranked pair before eventually losing the match.

The medal was bronze, but its colour mattered less than what the performance represented.

Gayatri and Treesa had competed against the world’s best and made them uncomfortable for much of the match. The lingering question over whether they could be more than India’s best women’s doubles pair had finally been answered.

Two Fathers, One Medal

On Saturday, Gopichand stood in the mixed zone and spoke about his daughter. He insisted that he did not feel anything extra merely because she was his daughter, but his pride was impossible to miss.

On Sunday, around 400 miles south, Jolly Mathew spoke from Kerala over a phone line. He described a daughter who had entered the World Championships with barely a month of preparation behind her and achieved a result that nobody in the family had dared to expect.

Gopichand’s journey helped build India’s belief that badminton could produce world-class champions. Jolly Mathew’s quieter and slower journey has inspired a village.

Today, in Cherupuzha, courts stand where none existed when Treesa was a child. One court became many. One little girl became a World Championships medallist

Sunday, 23 August 2026

The Russia Ukrainian war and the Iran USA war has also been an opportunity for Indian petroleum industry and Indian arms manufacturing industry.

 The Russia Ukrainian war and the Iran USA war has also been an opportunity for Indian petroleum industry and Indian arms manufacturing industry. Please tell me as to how much of ammunition and arms India has exported ever since the beginning of Russia, Ukraine war and how much of petroleum products has India sold to the world ever since the beginning of Ukrainian war?


The broad picture is clear: India’s defence exports rose sharply after the Ukraine war began, and petroleum product exports also benefited from the global energy shock that followed. But the exact totals depend on whether you mean **annual exports**, **cumulative exports since February 2022**, or only **arms/ammunition to Europe/Ukraine-related routes**; official Indian data is usually reported by financial year rather than by war date. [1][2][3]

## Defence exports

India’s total defence exports were **₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24** and **₹23,622 crore in FY 2024-25**, according to the Ministry of Defence/PIB. [1][2]
That means India exported at least **₹44,705 crore** in defence products over those two financial years alone, which covers most of the Ukraine-war period. [1][2]
The government says these exports included **ammunition, arms, sub-systems, complete systems, and critical components** sold to around **80 countries** in FY 2024-25. [4]

For ammunition specifically, there is no single official public figure that neatly totals “all ammunition exported since the start of the war,” but reporting based on Reuters and customs data indicates that Indian-made shells and components shipped through Europe have been small in volume, and Indian officials said the ammunition reaching Ukraine was **less than 1%** of Kyiv’s total wartime imports. [5][6][7][8]

## Petroleum exports

India’s petroleum product exports hit a record in 2025, with shipments valued at **$52 billion in January–November 2025** and **$44.4 billion in FY 2024-25**, according to business reporting based on commerce ministry and Kpler data. [3]
That same reporting says exports reached **1.28 million barrels per day** in 2025, showing how strongly India’s refining sector benefited from the post-Ukraine-war energy market. [3]

If you want a war-period total from **February 2022 onward**, the cleanest available official-style figure in the material I found is still the annual/fiscal-year data, not a single consolidated cumulative total. [3][1][2]

## Useful interpretation

So, in practical terms:

- **Defence exports since the war began:** roughly **₹44,705 crore** in FY 2023-24 and FY 2024-25 combined, with the war likely contributing to the acceleration. [1][2]
- **Petroleum product exports since the war began:** at least **$44.4 billion in FY 2024-25 alone**, and **$52 billion** in the first eleven months of 2025, showing a large windfall from the energy disruption. [3]

Saturday, 22 August 2026

REAL GE Z HEROS-Tanaji Malusare’s Tactics & Their Relevance for NDA & SPI Cadets -My Talk

 


1. Opening 

Good morning, Commandant, members of the faculty, distinguished officers, and my young comrades—the cadets of the National Defence Academy.

"A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way, and shows the way." Long before these words were written into modern doctrine, they were etched into the rugged cliffs of the Sahyadris in blood, grit, and unyielding resolve.

Today, we look back to February 1670—to Subedar Tanaji Malusare, a primary commander of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and his legendary assault on the fortress of Kondhana. To look at Tanaji merely through the lens of romantic history is to miss the point entirely. For a military officer, Kondhana was not just a brave clash; it was a masterclass in asymmetrical warfare, night operations, terrain exploitation, and command leadership under extreme friction.

2. Battle Context 

To grasp the tactical brilliance of the assault, one must first understand the strategic setting. Under the Treaty of Purandar in 1665, Shivaji Maharaj was forced to cede 23 vital forts to the Mughals. Among them, Kondhana was the crown jewel—a natural citadel dominating the Deccan plateau, controlling access to Pune and the heartland of the Maratha state. As long as the Mughal garrison under Udaybhan Rathore held Kondhana, the Maratha domain remained structurally compromised. Recapturing it was a strategic imperative.

When Shivaji Maharaj decided to reclaim Kondhana, he turned to his most trusted commander: Tanaji Malusare.

An anecdote illustrates the ethos of the man: When the summons from Shivaji Maharaj arrived, Tanaji was in the middle of preparations for his son Rayaba’s wedding. The mandates of duty, however, knew no personal delay. Tanaji immediately set aside the celebrations, remarking:

"Pahile kondhanache lagna, mag Rayabache!"

("First the wedding of Kondhana, then the wedding of Rayaba!")

                                [KONDHANA FORTRESS]

                                        ^

                                 300ft Cliff Face

                              (Donagiri Precipice)

                                        ^

                              [Rope Ladders / Crawl]

                                        ^

                        [300 Maratha Vanguard (Tanaji)]

                                        ^

                      [Night Approach through Dense Cover]

On a pitch-black, moonless night (Saptami of Magha), Tanaji led a force of roughly 1,000 Marathas. Standard military logic dictates that a heavily fortified hill fort, manned by 1,500 well-equipped Rajput and Mughal troops, requires a besieging force of at least 3:1. Tanaji turned this ratio on its head using vertical surprise.

He selected the Donagiri cliff—a sheer, near-vertical 300-foot rock face on the fort's western side that the defenders deemed entirely unscalable and left lightly guarded. Utilizing local reptiles (ghorpads or monitor lizards) to anchor guide ropes—or employing expert rock-climbers trained in local terrain—the vanguard scaled the precipice in silence.

Once 300 Marathas had topped the cliff, the alarm was raised. What followed was a violent, close-quarters melee. Tanaji fought at the very spearhead of the attack. In the fierce duel with the garrison commander, Udaybhan, Tanaji’s shield broke. Unyielding, he wrapped his turban around his left arm to parry blows while striking with his right, continuing to command until he fell mortally wounded.

Spurred by his sacrifice, his brother Suryaji and commander Shelar Mama rallied the troops, secured the gates, and routed the garrison. When Shivaji Maharaj arrived to inspect the secured fortress and heard of his commander's demise, his victory turned to profound grief, prompting his immortal declaration:

"Gad ala, pan sinh gela!"

("The fort is won, but the lion is lost!")

3. Tactics & Lessons for Modern Warfare (06:00 – 11:00)

Let us break down Tanaji’s operational execution into core tactical principles and examine their direct translation to modern military operations:

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

| Historical Tactic (Kondhana 1670) | Modern Military Application       |

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

| Vertical Scaling of Donagiri Cliff| Special Operations / Infiltration |

| Silent Night Infiltration         | Night Vision / Low-Observable Ops |

| Personal Lead at the Vanguard     | "Service Before Self" Leadership  |

| Mission Prioritization over Self  | Command Ethos & Duty              |

| Leveraged 1:5 Force Ratio         | Asymmetric Warfare                |

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

  • Surprise & Innovation:
    • Historical Execution: Bypassing the heavily defended gates to scale an "unclimbable" vertical cliff under cover of darkness.
    • Modern Relevance: This is the foundational logic of modern Special Forces insertions. Whether it is an airborne drop behind enemy lines, amphibious combat swimmer operations, or heliborne assault, achieving tactical surprise by entering via the vector the enemy considers impassable remains a force multiplier.
  • Terrain Exploitation & Night Operations:
    • Historical Execution: Mastering the micro-geography of the Sahyadris and using night cover to neutralize the enemy’s superior firepower and numbers.
    • Modern Relevance: Essential in mountain warfare and counter-insurgency. In high-altitude environments like Siachen, Kargil, or Eastern Ladakh, the terrain is as much an adversary as the enemy. Master the terrain, and you master the battle.
  • Leadership by Example:
    • Historical Execution: Tanaji did not send his men up the rope from a rear command post; he climbed among the first and led the assault directly.
    • Modern Relevance: Embodies the NDA motto, "Service Before Self." In high-intensity combat, troops do not follow staff orders; they follow leaders who share their physical risks and demonstrate tactical competence under fire.
  • Asymmetric Capability & Morale:
    • Historical Execution: Overcoming a entrenched garrison through speed, violence of action, and psychological momentum.
    • Modern Relevance: Demonstrates how force multiplication works in modern hybrid warfare—where agility, intelligence, and morale offset numerical or technological superiority.

4. Relevance to NDA Cadets 

Why must a cadet at the National Defence Academy study Kondhana?

[Historical Study] ---> [Strategic Imagination] ---> [Decisive Tactical Command]

As future platoon, company, and battalion commanders, you will face operational friction, degraded communications, and asymmetric threats. Technology changes, weapons evolve, but the core mechanics of human conflict remain constant.

  1. Developing Strategic Imagination: Studying military history is not about memorizing dates; it is about building a mental library of tactical options. Tanaji’s assault teaches you to look at a terrain map and ask: "Where does the enemy feel most secure?" That is where your opportunity lies.
  2. Moral Courage and Decisive Action: When Tanaji’s shield broke, he did not retreat. He wrapped his arm in cloth and continued to fight. In modern command, when plans fail—and they often do—a commander must improvise, adapt, and press the initiative.
  3. Internalizing Indian Military Heritage: The Indian Armed Forces possess a rich, millennia-old martial tradition. Grounding your tactical education in historical Indian campaigns bridges timeless warrior values with contemporary joint warfare doctrines.

5. Closing 

Gentlemen, Tanaji Malusare’s legacy at Kondhana teaches us that bravery without innovation is wasteful, but innovation without bravery is inert. Combined, they alter the course of history.

As you train here in the shadow of these very same Sahyadri hills, remember that the uniform you will soon wear carries the weight of this heritage. Tanaji left his family obligations behind to answer the call of duty; he scaled the impossible and paid the ultimate price to secure the realm.

Take these tactical lessons with you into the lecture halls, onto the drill squares, and into the tactical exercises in the field. Imbibe his grit, his tactical ingenuity, and his unyielding commitment to the mission.

"This is not just history—it is a manual of leadership and courage."

If you carry this ethos forward, you will not only defend the borders of this republic, but you will also prove worthy of the glorious military tradition built by the lions who came before you.

Thank you. Jai Hind.

Friday, 21 August 2026

рд╢ूрд░ рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдиा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдЪा рд╕рд▓ाрдо

 


рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ी рдЖрдгि рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рд╣े рджेрд╢ाрдЪ्рдпा рддрд╕ेрдЪ рдЬрдЧाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪे рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдЪे рдЖрдзाрд░рд╕्рддंрдн рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рдЬрдЧाрддीрд▓ рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдордз्рдпे рднाрд░рддाрдЪा рд╕ुрдоाрд░े 12 рдЯрдХ्рдХे рд╡ाрдЯा рдЕрд╕ूрди рднाрд░рдд рд╣ा рдЬрдЧाрддीрд▓ рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рдХ्рд░рдоांрдХाрдЪा рдоोрдаा рдкुрд░рд╡рдаाрджाрд░ рдЖрд╣े.

рддे рддेрд▓, рд╡ाрдпू, рдЕрди्рдирдзाрди्рдп, рдЦрддे, рдФрд╖рдзे, рдпंрдд्рд░рд╕ाрдордЧ्рд░ी рдЖрдгि рдиिрд░्рдпाрддीрдЪा рдоाрд▓ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрддрдкрдгे рдПрдХा рджेрд╢ाрддूрди рджुрд╕рд▒्рдпा рджेрд╢ाрдд рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрд╡рддाрдд. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдпाрдд-рдиिрд░्рдпाрддीрдЪी рд╕ाрдЦрд│ी рдЖрдгि рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдЪाрд▓ू рд░ाрд╣рддे.

рдЖрдЬ рд╣े рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдЕрдиेрдХ рдзोрдХाрджाрдпрдХ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рднाрдЧांрдд рдзैрд░्рдпाрдиे рдХाрдо рдХрд░рдд рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рд░рд╢िрдпा-рдпुрдХ्рд░ेрди рдпुрдж्рдз, рдЗрд░ाрдг-рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ рдЖрдгि рд╕ोрдоाрд▓िрдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдиाрд▒्рдпाрдЬрд╡рд│ рдкुрди्рд╣ा рд╡ाрдврд▓ेрд▓ी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рдЪाрдЪेрдЧिрд░ी рдпांрдоुрд│े рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрд╕рдоोрд░ рдЬीрд╡िрддाрдЪा рдЧंрднीрд░ рдзोрдХा рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े.

рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ाрддीрд▓ рд╣ाрдиी

рдЕрд▓ीрдХрдбीрд▓ рдХाрд│ाрдд рдХाрд╣ी рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдиा рдпुрдж्рдзाрдЪा рдмрд│ी рдкрдбाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрд▓े рдЖрд╣े. 8 рдоाрд░्рдЪ 2026 рдкрд░्рдпंрддрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рдиिрд╡ेрджрдиाрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╣рд▓्рд▓्рдпांрдордз्рдпे рджोрди рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪा рдоृрдд्рдпू рдЭाрд▓ा рд╣ोрддा рдЖрдгि рдПрдХ рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдмेрдкрдд्рддा рд╣ोрддा.

рдСрдЧрд╕्рдЯрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддीрдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рд╡ृрдд्рддांрдиुрд╕ाрд░, рдкрд╢्рдЪिрдо рдЖрд╢िрдпाрддीрд▓ рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ाрдд рдоृрдд्рдпू рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा 16 рднाрд░рддीрдпांрдкैрдХी 10 рдЬрдг рд╣े рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рд╣ोрддे. рдпा рд╕ंрдШрд░्рд╖ाрдд 75 рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЬрдЦрдоी рдЭाрд▓्рдпाрдЪेрд╣ी рд╕ांрдЧрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े.

рд░рд╢िрдпा-рдпुрдХ्рд░ेрди рдпुрдж्рдзाрдоुрд│े рдХृрд╖्рдг рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдЪ्рдпा рдкрд░िрд╕рд░ाрддрд╣ी рднाрд░рддीрдпांрдиा рдзोрдХा рдиिрд░्рдоाрдг рдЭाрд▓ा рдЖрд╣े. рдпा рднाрдЧाрддीрд▓ рдШрдЯрдиांрдордз्рдпे рдкाрдЪ рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪा рдоृрдд्рдпू рдЖрдгि рджोрдШे рдмेрдкрдд्рддा рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдЪे рд╡ृрдд्рдд рдЖрд╣े.

рд╣ी рдЖрдХрдбेрд╡ाрд░ी рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдХाрд▓рдЦंрдбांрддीрд▓ рдЖрдгि рд╡ेрдЧрд╡ेрдЧрд│्рдпा рдЕрд╣рд╡ाрд▓ांрддीрд▓ рдЖрд╣े. рдо्рд╣рдгूрди рдоृрдд, рдЬрдЦрдоी, рдмेрдкрдд्рддा рдЖрдгि рдУрд▓ीрд╕ рдЕрд╢ा рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдШрдЯрдиांрдЪी рдПрдХрдд्рд░िрдд рд╡ рдиिрдпрдоिрдд рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рдиोंрдж рднाрд░рддाрдиे рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдХрд░рдгे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рдЖрд╣े.

рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рдЪाрдЪ्рдпांрдЪा рдзोрдХा

рд╕ोрдоाрд▓िрдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдиाрд▒्рдпाрдЬрд╡рд│ рдЖрдгि рдПрдбрдирдЪ्рдпा рдЖрдЦाрддाрдд рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рдЪाрдЪे рдкुрди्рд╣ा рд╕рдХ्рд░िрдп рдЭाрд▓े рдЖрд╣ेрдд. рддे рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ांрд╕рд╣ рдЪрдврддाрдд, рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрдЪा рддाрдмा рдШेрддाрдд рдЖрдгि рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ांрдиा рдУрд▓ीрд╕ рдаेрд╡ूрди рдЦंрдбрдгीрдЪी рдоाрдЧрдгी рдХрд░рддाрдд.

рдЬुрд▓ैрдЪ्рдпा рдЕрдЦेрд░ीрд╕ рдд्рдпा рдкрд░िрд╕рд░ाрдд 16 рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдЪाрдЪ्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдУрд▓ीрд╕рдордз्рдпे рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдЪे рд╡ृрдд्рдд рд╣ोрддे. рдСрдЧрд╕्рдЯрдордз्рдпे рджोрди рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬे рдЪाрдЪ्рдпांрдиी рддाрдм्рдпाрдд рдШेрддрд▓्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдШрдЯрдиांрдордз्рдпे рдПрдХूрдг 22 рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рд╣ोрддे; рдд्рдпा рд╡ेрд│ी рддे рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдЕрд╕рд▓्рдпाрдЪे рд╕ांрдЧрдг्рдпाрдд рдЖрд▓े рд╣ोрддे.

рдУрд▓ीрд╕ рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ांрдиा рдЬрдЦрдо, рдЕрдкुрд░े рдЕрди्рди-рдкाрдгी, рдФрд╖рдзांрдЪा рдЕрднाрд╡, рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рддाрдг, рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрд╢ी рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рддुрдЯрдгे рдЖрдгि рджीрд░्рдШрдХाрд│ рдмंрджिрд╡ाрд╕ рдпांрд╕ाрд░рдЦे рдзोрдХे рд╕рд╣рди рдХрд░ाрд╡े рд▓ाрдЧрддाрдд.

рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрд╕рдоोрд░ीрд▓ рдзोрдХे

рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдЕрдиेрдХ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░рдЪ्рдпा рдзोрдХ्рдпांрдЪा рд╕ाрдордиा рдХрд░рддाрдд:

  • рдХ्рд╖ेрдкрдгाрд╕्рдд्рд░, рдб्рд░ोрди рдЖрдгि рд░ॉрдХेрдЯ рд╣рд▓्рд▓े
  • рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ाрдд рдЯाрдХрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдЦाрдгी рдХिंрд╡ा рднрдЯрдХрдгाрд▒्рдпा рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдЦाрдгी
  • рдмंрджрд░ांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рд╣рд▓्рд▓े рдЖрдгि рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрдЪे рдиुрдХрд╕ाрди
  • рдЪुрдХीрдЪ्рдпा рдУрд│рдЦीрдоुрд│े рд▓рдХ्рд╖्рдп рд╣ोрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдзोрдХा
  • рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рдЪाрдЪे, рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рджрд░ोрдбेрдЦोрд░ рдЖрдгि рдУрд▓ीрд╕ рдмрдирд╡िрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдк्рд░рдХाрд░
  • рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрд╡рд░ рдкुрд░ेрд╕े рдЕрди्рди, рдФрд╖рдзे, рдЗंрдзрди рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ुрдЯे рднाрдЧ рди рдоिрд│рдгे
  • рдпुрдж्рдзрдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдд рджीрд░्рдШрдХाрд│ рдЕрдбрдХूрди рдкрдбрдгे рдЖрдгि рд╡ेрд│ेрд╡рд░ рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдмрджрд▓ рди рд╣ोрдгे
  • рдердХрд╡ा, рдЪिंрддा, рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рддрдгाрд╡ рдЖрдгि рдХुрдЯुंрдмीрдпांрдЪी рдХाрд│рдЬी

рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬे рд╣ी рд▓рдвाрдК рдпुрдж्рдзрдиौрдХा рдирд╕рддाрдд. рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдХрдбे рдХ्рд╖ेрдкрдгाрд╕्рдд्рд░े рдХिंрд╡ा рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рдб्рд░ोрди рд╣рд▓्рд▓े рд░ोрдЦрдг्рдпाрдЪी рдХ्рд╖рдорддा рдирд╕рддे. рдд्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдЕрд╢ा рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рдк्рд░рдд्рдпрдХ्рд╖ рдпुрдж्рдзाрдд рд╕рд╣рднाрдЧी рдирд╕рддाрдиाрд╣ी рдпुрдж्рдзाрдЪे рдмрд│ी рдард░рддाрдд.

рддे рд╕्рд╡рддःрдЪे рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХрд╕े рдХрд░рддाрдд

рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ी рдЖрдгि рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрдЪे рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ी рдзोрдХाрджाрдпрдХ рднाрдЧांрдд рдЕрдд्рдпंрдд рд╕ाрд╡рдзрдЧिрд░ीрдиे рдХाрдо рдХрд░рддाрдд. рддे рдкुрдвीрд▓ рдЙрдкाрдп рдХрд░рддाрдд:

  • рдк्рд░рд╡ाрд╕ाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдоाрд░्рдЧ, рдмंрджрд░े рдЖрдгि рдзोрдХे рдпांрдЪे рд╕рд╡िрд╕्рддрд░ рдоूрд▓्рдпांрдХрди
  • рд╕рддрдд рдкрд╣ाрд░ा, рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖рддः рд░ाрдд्рд░ी рдЖрдгि рдЪाрдЪेрдЧिрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рднाрдЧांрдд
  • рд╕ंрд╢рдпाрд╕्рдкрдж рдмोрдЯी рдХिंрд╡ा рд╣ाрд▓рдЪाрд▓ींрдЪी рддाрдд्рдХाрд│ рдоाрд╣िрддी рдиौрджрд▓ рд╡ рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдХेंрдж्рд░ांрдиा рджेрдгे
  • рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрд╡рд░ рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рд░ोрдЦрдг्рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢рдпोрдЬрдиा, рддाрд░ांрдЪे рдХुंрдкрдг, рдкाрдг्рдпाрдЪे рдлрд╡ाрд░े рдЖрдгि рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░िрдд рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢
  • рдЪाрдЪ्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╣рд▓्рд▓्рдпाрдЪ्рдпा рд╡ेрд│ी рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖िрдд рдЦोрд▓ीрдд, рдо्рд╣рдгрдЬेрдЪ рд╕िрдЯाрдбेрд▓рдордз्рдпे, рдЖрд╢्рд░рдп рдШेрдгे
  • рдЖрдЧ, рдкाрдгी рд╢िрд░рдгे, рдб्рд░ोрди рд╣рд▓्рд▓ा, рдЬрд╣ाрдЬ рд╕ोрдбрдгे рдЖрдгि рд╡ैрдж्рдпрдХीрдп рдЖрдкрдд्рдХाрд▓ीрди рдкрд░िрд╕्рдеिрддी рдпांрдЪे рдиिрдпрдоिрдд рд╕рд░ाрд╡
  • рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрдЪा рдоाрд░्рдЧ, рдоाрд▓ рдЖрдгि рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХрдкрдгे рди рджेрдгे
  • рднाрд░рддीрдп рдиौрджрд▓, рдХिрдиाрд░рдХ्рд╖рдХ рджрд▓ рдЖрдгि рдЖंрддрд░рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдпंрдд्рд░рдгांрд╢ी рд╕ंрдкрд░्рдХ рдаेрд╡рдгे

рд╣े рд╕рд░्рд╡ рдЙрдкाрдп рдорд╣рдд्рдд्рд╡ाрдЪे рдЕрд╕рд▓े рддрд░ी рддे рдкूрд░्рдг рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рджेрдК рд╢рдХрдд рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рдоोрда्рдпा рдпुрдж्рдзाрддीрд▓ рдХ्рд╖ेрдкрдгाрд╕्рдд्рд░, рдб्рд░ोрди, рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рдЦाрдгी рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕рд╢рд╕्рдд्рд░ рдЪाрдЪे рдпांрдЪ्рдпाрдкाрд╕ूрди рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ी рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрдЪे рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрд╡рд│ рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ांрдЪ्рдпा рдзैрд░्рдпाрд╡рд░ рд╕ोрдкрд╡рддा рдпेрдгाрд░ рдиाрд╣ी.

рднाрд░рддाрдиे рдХाрдп рдХрд░ाрд╡े

рднाрд░рддाрдиे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ेрд╕ाрдаी рдаोрд╕ рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдзोрд░рдг рд╕्рд╡ीрдХाрд░рд▓े рдкाрд╣िрдЬे.

  • рдпुрдж्рдзрдЧ्рд░рд╕्рдд рдХिंрд╡ा рдЕрддिрдзोрдХाрджाрдпрдХ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ी рднाрдЧाрдд рдЬाрдг्рдпाрдкूрд░्рд╡ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдиा рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдЖрдгि рдЦрд░ी рдоाрд╣िрддी рджिрд▓ी рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдХोрдгрдд्рдпाрд╣ी рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпाрд▓ा рдЬीрд╡िрддрдзोрдХा рдЕрд╕рд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ाрдд рдЬाрдг्рдпाрд╕ рдирдХाрд░ рджेрдг्рдпाрдЪा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЕрд╕ाрд╡ा
  • рдирдХाрд░ рджिрд▓्рдпाрдоुрд│े рдиोрдХрд░ी, рд╡ेрддрди рдХिंрд╡ा рднрд╡िрд╖्рдпाрддीрд▓ рд░ोрдЬрдЧाрд░ाрд╡рд░ рд╡िрдкрд░ीрдд рдкрд░िрдгाрдо рд╣ोрдК рдирдпे
  • рд╕рд░्рд╡ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдЦрд▓ाрд╢ांрд╕ाрдаी рдпुрдж्рдзрдЬोрдЦीрдо рд╡िрдоा, рдоृрдд्рдпू рд╡ рдЕрдкंрдЧрдд्рд╡ рднрд░рдкाрдИ рдЖрдгि рдЬрдЦрдоींрд╕ाрдаी рдЙрдкрдЪाрд░ाрдЪी рд╣рдоी рдЕрд╕ाрд╡ी
  • рдУрд▓ीрд╕ рдЭाрд▓ेрд▓्рдпा рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪे рд╡ेрддрди рдмंрдж рд╣ोрдК рдирдпे; рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмांрдиा рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдЖрдгि рдоाрдирд╕िрдХ рдЖрдзाрд░ рджिрд▓ा рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдкрд░рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп, рдиौрд╡рд╣рди рдоंрдд्рд░ाрд▓рдп, рдбीрдЬी рд╢िрдкिंрдЧ, рднाрд░рддीрдп рдиौрджрд▓, рддрдЯрд░рдХ्рд╖рдХ рджрд▓ рдЖрдгि рдЧुрдк्рддрдЪрд░ рдпंрдд्рд░рдгांрдиी рд╕ंрдпुрдХ्рдд рд╕ंрдХрдЯ рдиिрдпंрдд्рд░рдг рдХрдХ्рд╖ рдЙрднाрд░ाрд╡ा
  • рдпुрдж्рдзрдЧ्рд░рд╕्рдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ांрддीрд▓ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрдЪी рдЕрдж्рдпрдпाрд╡рдд рдиोंрдж рдаेрд╡рд▓ी рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдХुрдЯुंрдмीрдпांрдиा рдпोрдЧ्рдп, рд╡ेрд│ेрд╡рд░ рдЖрдгि рдЕрдзिрдХृрдд рдоाрд╣िрддी рджिрд▓ी рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдПрдбрдирдЪा рдЖрдЦाрдд, рдЕрд░рдмी рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░, рд▓ाрд▓ рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ рдЖрдгि рд╕ोрдоाрд▓िрдпाрдЪ्рдпा рдХिрдиाрд▒्рдпाрдЬрд╡рд│ рдиौрджрд▓ाрдЪी рдЧрд╕्рдд, рджेрдЦрд░ेрдЦ рдЖрдгि рд╕рд╣рдХाрд░्рдп рд╡ाрдврд╡рд▓े рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдЪाрдЪेрдЧिрд░ीрдЪ्рдпा рднाрдЧाрдд рдзोрдХाрджाрдпрдХ рдЬрд╣ाрдЬांрдиा рд╢рдХ्рдп рддेрдеे рдиौрджрд▓ рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдХिंрд╡ा рд╕ाрдоूрд╣िрдХ рддाрдлा рдкрдж्рдзрддीрдиे рдоाрд░्рдЧрджрд░्рд╢рди рджिрд▓े рдкाрд╣िрдЬे
  • рдЪुрдХीрдЪी рдоाрд╣िрддी рджेрдгाрд▒्рдпा, рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд▒्рдпांрд╡рд░ рджрдмाрд╡ рдЖрдгрдгाрд▒्рдпा рдХिंрд╡ा рдкрд░рдд рдкाрдард╡िрдг्рдпाрд╕ рдЯाрд│ाрдЯाрд│ рдХрд░рдгाрд▒्рдпा рдЬрд╣ाрдЬ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдкрди рд╡ рднрд░рддी рд╕ंрд╕्рдеांрд╡рд░ рдХрдаोрд░ рдХाрд░рд╡ाрдИ рдЭाрд▓ी рдкाрд╣िрдЬे

рднाрд░рддाрдЪा рдЕрднिрдоाрди

рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдХрд░्рдордЪाрд░ी рд╣े рдХेрд╡рд│ рдЬрд╣ाрдЬाрд╡рд░ीрд▓ рдХाрдордЧाрд░ рдиाрд╣ीрдд. рддे рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдКрд░्рдЬा рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ेрдЪे, рдЕрди्рдирдкुрд░рд╡рда्рдпाрдЪे, рдФрдж्рдпोрдЧिрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрдиाрдЪे, рдкрд░рдХीрдп рд╡्рдпाрдкाрд░ाрдЪे рдЖрдгि рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдЕрд░्рдерд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеेрдЪे рдЕрджृрд╢्рдп рд░рдХ्рд╖рдХ рдЖрд╣ेрдд.

рддे рдЖрдкрд▓्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмाрдкाрд╕ूрди рд╣рдЬाрд░ो рдХिрд▓ोрдоीрдЯрд░ рджूрд░, рд╡ाрджрд│े, рдпुрдж्рдз, рдХ्рд╖ेрдкрдгाрд╕्рдд्рд░े, рдб्рд░ोрди, рдЪाрдЪे рдЖрдгि рдЕрдиिрд╢्рдЪिрддрддेрдЪा рд╕ाрдордиा рдХрд░ीрдд рдХрд░्рддрд╡्рдп рдмрдЬाрд╡рддाрдд. рднाрд░рддाрдЪ्рдпा рдмंрджрд░ांрдкрд░्рдпंрдд рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рддेрд▓, рд╡ाрдпू, рдЦрддे, рдзाрди्рдп рдЖрдгि рдЗрддрд░ рдЬीрд╡рдиाрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рд╡рд╕्рддू рдкोрд╣ोрдЪрдд рд░ाрд╣ाрд╡्рдпाрдд рдпाрд╕ाрдаी рддे рд╢ांрддрдкрдгे рдЖрдкрд▓ी рдЬрдмाрдмрджाрд░ी рдкाрд░ рдкाрдбрддाрдд.

рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ाрдиे рдпा рд╢ूрд░ рднाрд░рддीрдпांрдиा рдХेрд╡рд│ рд╢рдм्рджांрдиी рдирд╡्рд╣े, рддрд░ рдордЬрдмूрдд рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा, рддाрдд्рдХाрд│ рдорджрдд, рди्рдпाрдп्рдп рднрд░рдкाрдИ рдЖрдгि рдд्рдпांрдЪ्рдпा рдХुрдЯुंрдмांрдЪ्рдпा рд╕рди्рдоाрдирдкूрд░्рдг рдХाрд│рдЬीрдж्рд╡ाрд░े рд╕рд▓ाрдо рдХेрд▓ा рдкाрд╣िрдЬे. рднाрд░рддाрддीрд▓ рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдиाрдЧрд░िрдХाрдиे рдпा рдзाрдбрд╕ी рд╕ाрдЧрд░ी рдпोрдж्рдз्рдпांрдк्рд░рддी рдХृрддрдЬ्рдЮрддा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рдд рдХрд░рдгे рд╣े рдЖрдкрд▓े рдХрд░्рддрд╡्рдп рдЖрд╣े.