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Monday 16 September 2024
The Treaty of Salbai: A Diplomatic Victory for the Marathas-Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 8
The Treaty of Salbai (1783)
The Treaty of Salbai, signed in 1783, marked a significant diplomatic victory for the Marathas. In exchange for peace, the British relinquished all their conquests except Sashti. The treaty also restored Fateh Singh Gaikwad to the Maratha domain and confined Raghunathrao for his involvement in the murder of Narayanrao Peshwa. In return, the Marathas agreed to avoid future involvement with the French.
The First Anglo-Maratha War
The First Anglo-Maratha War, which lasted from 1774 to 1783, saw the Marathas employ cavalry tactics to harass the British and disrupt their logistics. However, the British countered with a scorched-earth policy, devastating the local population and alienating the Marathas from their own people.
Maratha Military Strengths and Weaknesses
The Marathas possessed a formidable weapon in their war-rockets, operated by the non-Maratha Gardis. However, their fighting style differed significantly from the British infantry-artillery system. The British army fought as a unified force, while the Marathas, like other Indian armies, excelled at the unit level but struggled to maintain control during large-scale battles.
British Advantages
The British enjoyed a significant advantage in terms of financial resources, thanks to the vast revenue generated by the Bengal Presidency. In contrast, the Marathas had limited resources in Maharashtra, and the large territories under the king of Kolhapur did not participate in the fighting.
The Importance of Naval Power
The Marathas paid a heavy price for neglecting their navy, which had been destroyed by the British in 1756. Naval power is crucial for controlling trade routes and protecting coastal regions.
Mahadji Shinde's Reforms
Mahadji Shinde recognized the importance of infantry and artillery and established gun and musket factories in Agra, Ujjain, and Mathura. However, he failed to establish institutions for training and studying the art of weapon-making, making his forces overly dependent on European mercenaries.
The Decline of the Peshwa
The rise of Mahadji Shinde marked a decline in the power and importance of the Peshwa. By the early 19th century, the Maratha kingdom had become unrecognizable from the one established by Shivaji. The traditional emphasis on birth and lineage, which Shivaji had strongly disapproved of, had become paramount.
Mahadji Shinde's Military Achievements
Mahadji Shinde raised an efficient artillery force and infantry, becoming the virtual ruler of northern India. As Deputy to the Peshwa, he had the authority to intervene in any part of India, including Bengal. The Rajput rulers were forced to pay taxes to the Marathas, which they resented.
The Battle of Lalsot and Beyond
In the Battle of Lalsot, the combined Rajput forces defeated the Marathas. Mahadji Shinde responded by forming an alliance with the Sikhs and recruited them to his army. With this strengthened force, he defeated the Rajput rulers of Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Jaipur, forcing them to pay taxes to the Marathas.
The Failure to Create an Anti-British Front
The British refused to pay the Marathas their share of the revenues from Bengal. Shinde attempted to form an anti-British alliance but failed due to lack of support.
The Legacy of Mahadji Shinde
Mahadji Shinde, the last great Maratha general, passed away in Poona in 1794. Although he recognized the need to modernize the Maratha armies, his over-reliance on European mercenaries and failure to train Indian soldiers in the European art of war proved to be a significant limitation.
The Second Anglo-Maratha War: A Coalition Against the British-Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 7
The Formation of the Anti-British Alliance
In 1780, the Marathas, Nizam, and Hyder Ali formed a formidable alliance against the British. The Marathas pledged to keep the British army under Colonel Goddard engaged, while Hyder Ali aimed to capture Madras. The Nizam promised to assist Hyder Ali, and the Bhonsles of Nagpur were to attack Bengal. The alliance agreed not to negotiate a separate peace with the British.
The Bhonsles and the British
Despite being part of the alliance, the Bhonsles of Nagpur had a strained relationship with the Peshwas. The Bhonsles believed they were equals to the Peshwas and, relying heavily on a paid army that was predominantly non-Maratha, were constantly in need of funds. Financial resources were crucial for any government.
The Gaikwad's Defection
In 1780, Fateh Singh Gaikwad became the first Maratha general to accept British protection, weakening the alliance.
The Bhonsles and the British
The Bhonsles' army, marching towards Bengal, alarmed the British. The Bhonsles demanded a hefty sum of 20 lakhs, and after negotiations, an agreement was reached. During the negotiations, the British assembled a force to attack Mahadji Shinde in the north. The Bhonsles allowed the British forces to pass through Orissa to aid the Madras Presidency, which was under attack from Hyder Ali.
The Battle of Malanggad
Meanwhile, the British and Marathas clashed at Malanggad, a mountain fort.
The Quadruple Alliance and British Victory
The Quadruple Alliance launched a coordinated attack on the British. However, the British managed to win over the Nizam by granting him Guntur.
Hyder Ali's Triumph
Hyder Ali decisively defeated the British Army in the Battle of Perumbakkam. Unlike the Marathas, Hyder Ali forced the British to surrender their guns and relentlessly pursued the survivors who fled to Madras.
Maratha Victories and Limitations
Goddard captured Bassein in 1780, a significant loss for the Marathas. The British planned to attack Poona but failed, and the Marathas recaptured most of the coastal territories they had lost since 1774, except for Bassein and Sashti. This was a major defensive victory for the Marathas.
The Alliance's Shortcomings
Despite the Maratha victory against Goddard's army, the alliance was hampered by the Bhonsles' inactivity in Orissa and Mahadji Shinde's limited success in the north
Chapter 6 - British Attack on Poona and the Lost Opportunity for Victory-Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 6
The
British Ambition to Install Raghunathrao Peshwa
The British
were determined to make Raghunathrao the Peshwa. Both the British and Maratha
forces prepared for war. The book provides detailed accounts of these
preparations.
The
British Campaign and Maratha Countermeasures
The British
assembled their forces with the intent to cross the Western Ghats and invade
Pune. However, the Marathas cleverly disrupted the British lines of
communication, forcing the British to reconsider their plans. In response, the
British decided to withdraw under the cover of night. Nana Phadnavis's network
of spies discovered this retreat, and as soon as the British began to pull
back, the Maratha cavalry launched a swift attack from both flanks.
The
Treaty of Wadgaon (1779)
Caught in a
vulnerable position, the British were compelled to sue for peace. This resulted
in the Treaty of Wadgaon in 1779, through which the British agreed to return
all the territories they had captured since the Treaty of 1756.
Analysis:
Lessons from the Battle of Salher and Shivaji Maharaj
Shivaji’s
Tactical Brilliance at Salher and Pratapgarh
In the
Battle of Salher (1672), Shivaji's generals showed no mercy to the Mughal
forces, utterly crushing the enemy. Similarly, Shivaji Maharaj decisively
defeated the enemy at Pratapgarh. However, in this instance, the Marathas
allowed the British to retreat to Bombay rather than pursuing them to finish
the conflict.
A Missed
Opportunity to Evict the British from Bombay
The Marathas
had a golden opportunity to strike at Bombay and drive the British out. The
conditions were highly favorable, and a more decisive approach could have
significantly altered the course of history. This scenario offers a vital
lesson: learning from the military strategies of Shivaji Maharaj, who would
never have let such an opportunity slip by.
The
Resumption of Hostilities and the End of Maratha Unity
Hostilities
resumed as soon as the Bengal Army reached Bombay. The Battle of Wadgaon marked
the last time the Marathas fought unitedly against the British. Prior to this,
in 1775, the Battle of Addas saw both sides claim victory. It was also the
first time the British army faced the formidable Maratha cavalry and their main
army.
The End of the Mughal Empire (1772) and Prelude to the First Anglo-Maratha War (1774-1782)-Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 5
Aftermath
of the Peshwa's Death
The death of
the Peshwa in 1761 created an opportunity for the Nizam of Hyderabad and Hyder
Ali of Mysore to expand their influence. However, their attempts to exploit the
situation were thwarted by the Marathas, who successfully repelled their
advances, maintaining the integrity of Maratha power in the region.
Rise of
Mahadji Shinde (Scindia)
Mahadji
Shinde, born in 1727, emerged as a formidable leader under the reign of Peshwa
Madhavrao. By 1769, alongside Tukoji Holkar, he reasserted Maratha dominance
over Delhi and the Mughal Emperor, reviving their influence in North India.
Shinde’s leadership marked a resurgence of Maratha power, restoring their hold
over strategic regions.
Maratha
Revenge on the Rohillas
In
retaliation for the Rohillas' support of Ahmad Shah Abdali during the Third
Battle of Panipat, Mahadji Shinde led a decisive campaign against them. In one
battle, nearly 15,000 Rohillas were killed. This victory cemented Maratha
control from the banks of the Ganga-Yamuna rivers to the Sutlej, ushering in
nearly 30 years of Maratha supremacy in northern India until 1803.
Internal
Strife and the Death of Madhavrao
In 1772,
Peshwa Madhavrao died and was succeeded by his younger brother Narayanrao.
However, Narayanrao was assassinated in 1773, allegedly at the behest of his
uncle, Raghunathrao. Justice Ramshastri Prabhune later convicted Raghunathrao
for his involvement, further destabilizing the Maratha leadership.
The First
Anglo-Maratha War Begins
On December
12, 1774, the British launched an attack on Sashti Island (modern-day Mumbai),
marking the beginning of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The Marathas, outnumbered
and outmatched by British naval supremacy, lost control of the island. This
confrontation set the stage for a protracted conflict between the Marathas and
the British East India Company.
The East
India Company’s Financial Crisis
In 1772, the
East India Company faced financial insolvency, narrowly avoiding collapse by
securing a loan. The British Parliament subsequently tightened control over the
Company’s operations. Despite the British vulnerability, the Marathas,
suffering from internal divisions and depleted financial resources, were unable
to capitalize on this opportunity. The breakdown of the traditional
revenue-sharing system between local governments and the Maratha central
authority further weakened their position.
Treaty of
1776 and Temporary Peace
In 1776, the
Marathas and the British reached a temporary agreement. The Marathas retained
control of Bassein, while the British held Sashti. Additionally, the British
agreed to cease their support for Raghunathrao, who had been a contentious
figure within the Maratha leadership.
External
Threats and the Prospect of a Maratha-French Alliance
Meanwhile,
the British faced another crisis, this time in their North American colonies,
which had revolted against British rule. This conflict naturally attracted
French involvement, which extended to India. The possibility of a
Maratha-French alliance alarmed the British, adding a new dimension to the
ongoing Anglo-Maratha rivalry.
Panipat 1761 and the Power Vacuum in India-Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 3
Transfer
of Power to the Peshwas
After the
death of Chhatrapati Shahu in 1749, a meeting was convened by Nanasaheb Peshwa
and attended by Maratha officials. It was unanimously agreed that all executive
powers for governing the state would be transferred to the Peshwas, marking a
significant shift in the power structure of the Maratha Empire.
Rise of
Modern Governance Institutions
During this
period, several modern governance institutions emerged, including village
panchayats, the village headman, and revenue officials overseeing groups of
villages. These systems, some of which continue to this day, provided stability
and organization at the local level. Additionally, a diplomatic corps was
established as the Peshwa needed ambassadors in various places, a practice that
contributed to the emergence of modern diplomacy.
The
Changing Composition of the Peshwa Army
The Peshwa’s
army, known as the Huzurat, had three key components: artillery, primarily
composed of Muslims and North Indians; infantry, also composed of Muslims and
North Indians with firearms; and cavalry, which mainly consisted of part-time
Maratha soldiers known as Shiledars. However, the introduction of war elephants
into the army was a strategic misstep. Over time, the Maratha army lost its
distinct character and became a mercenary force, critically dependent on
regular pay.
Meritocracy
to Hereditary Rule
Under
Bajirao Peshwa, appointments were made based on merit, allowing talented
individuals from humble backgrounds to rise to prominence. However, after his
time, appointments became increasingly hereditary, diluting the merit-based
system that had once been a hallmark of Maratha governance.
Breakdown
of Alliances and Internal Conflicts
The Marathas
had long maintained alliances with Rajput rulers since the time of Shivaji, but
this policy changed under Nanasaheb Peshwa. Involvement in the succession
dispute within the House of Jaipur, where Holkar and Shinde supported opposing
factions, strained relations with the Rajputs. Additionally, disputes erupted
between the Peshwas and other Maratha factions, such as the Gaekwads and
Bhonsles, further weakening internal unity.
Strategic
Importance of Punjab and Afghan Resistance
The invasion
by Nadir Shah in 1740 forced the Marathas to recognize the strategic importance
of Punjab. From 1753, a small Maratha garrison was stationed in Delhi to
protect the Mughal emperor. However, the Afghans, seeking to restore their
dominance, disliked the Maratha presence. Ahmad Shah Abdali, in particular,
sought to re-establish Afghan supremacy in Delhi, aided by the Rohillas, a
group of Afghans settled north of Delhi.
Maratha
Campaign and the Battle of Panipat
In 1760, the
Maratha army under Sadashiv Bhau, son of Chimnaji and brother of Bajirao,
reached Delhi with an army of about 200,000. However, the political landscape
was complicated by alliances and rivalries. The Marathas rejected the Jat ruler
Surajmal’s candidature for the post of Prime Minister, opting instead for
Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. This decision cost them the crucial support
of the Jats and later, Shuja-ud-Daula also switched sides to join Abdali.
The terrain
around Panipat, dominated by Muslims of Afghan descent, further complicated the
Marathas’ efforts to secure supplies. Another blunder was carrying a large
number of non-combatants, including women and families, which hindered their
mobility.
Key
Events in the Battle
The Marathas
initially held the upper hand in the battle. However, a critical mistake
occurred when dismounted Maratha cavalrymen broke ranks and engaged in close
combat, forcing the artillery to cease firing. This proved fatal. When
Vishwasrao, the eldest son of the Peshwa, was struck by a bullet, Bhau,
distraught, left his elephant and joined the hand-to-hand combat. This loss of
command led to the Marathas' near-victory turning into a rout.
Despite
heavy casualties on both sides, Abdali’s forces managed to defeat the Marathas.
However, on their return journey, Abdali’s army was attacked by Sikhs, who
rescued many Maratha prisoners. Some Marathas even settled in the hills of the
north, with many marrying Sikh soldiers.
Analysis
and Long-Term Effects of the Panipat Defeat
- Failure to Form Alliances: Bhau failed to follow
Shivaji's policy of befriending the Rajputs, relying instead on
Shuja-ud-Daula, a Shia ruler, to counter Sunni Abdali, overlooking the
solidarity within the Islamic world.
- Missed Opportunities: The Marathas missed crucial
opportunities, such as failing to attack Abdali while he was crossing the
Yamuna River. Instead, they were preoccupied with celebrating their
earlier victory at Kunjpura, a premature celebration that proved costly.
- Strategic Missteps: Unlike Shivaji or Bajirao, who
would have traveled light, the Marathas were burdened by the large number
of families that accompanied the army. A considerable force under
Malharrao Holkar was assigned to protect them, diverting valuable manpower
from the battlefield.
- Loss of Command: The death of Vishwasrao and
Bhau’s emotional reaction led to a collapse in leadership. Despite being
on the brink of victory, the Maratha infantry broke ranks, and the battle
quickly turned against them.
Impact on
the Future of India
The
Marathas’ near-victory at Panipat showed the strength of their fighting
prowess, but their defeat shattered their offensive spirit. The Afghans,
however, suffered so greatly that they abandoned their dreams of ruling Delhi
and Hindustan. Abdali’s forces weakened, and Punjab soon came under the control
of the Sikhs, who established a powerful state with its capital in Lahore.
The failure
to harmonize the cavalry-based warfare of the Marathas with the infantry and
artillery-based tactics of their enemies contributed to their defeat. The lack
of strong alliances continued to plague the Marathas in their later struggles,
including their wars against the British. The Panipat debacle stands as a
reminder of the importance of unity, coordination, and strategic foresight in
military campaigns.
Pakistan's 24th IMF Bailout: Time for the Army to Return to the Barracks
Pakistan Army's Grip on National Narrative
Since its independence, the Pakistan Army has cultivated the
idea that it is the nation’s ultimate protector against its "eternal
enemy," India. This narrative has been deeply ingrained in the public
consciousness, allowing the Army to extend its influence far beyond military
affairs and into the economic and business sectors of the country. The people
of Pakistan, conditioned by this belief, have largely accepted the Army's
dominant role in both governance and commerce.
IMF's Role in Breaking the Economic Stranglehold
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) must now demand that
the Pakistan Army relinquish its stranglehold on the nation’s economy if
Pakistan hopes to break free from its chronic economic crises. On September 12,
the IMF announced that its Board of Directors would meet on September 25 to
discuss a potential $7 billion support program for Pakistan, aimed at
stabilizing the country's macroeconomic situation over the next three years.
This will mark the 24th time the IMF has intervened to bail
out Pakistan since its founding. Although an agreement between the IMF and the
Pakistani government was reached in July, delays ensued as the IMF awaited
additional funding commitments from Pakistan's traditional donors. The delay
was met with frustration by some Pakistani officials, who accused the IMF of
pursuing a political agenda, despite the Fund's insistence that it was merely
waiting for Pakistan to uphold previous commitments.
Temporary Relief, But No Real Change
In the meantime, Pakistan has received a boost in credit
ratings from agencies like Moody’s and Fitch, while its stock exchanges have
seen a rise in response to the expected IMF aid. However, this is merely a
temporary reprieve. The real issue lies in Pakistan’s unwillingness to adopt
fundamental social, political, and foreign policy changes necessary for
sustainable economic growth. Unless Pakistan's ruling elite, particularly its
military, acknowledges the need for such reforms, the country’s economic instability
will persist.
Pakistan Army's Hollow Claims
For meaningful change, the Pakistan Army must abandon its
anti-India agenda and allow the nation’s political and business elites to act
more responsibly. Unfortunately, there is no indication that the Army is
prepared to shift its approach. Despite this, military spokespersons continue
to make grand claims about the Army's supposed contributions to the economy, as
was seen during a September 5 press conference by the Director-General of the
Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), Lt Gen Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry.
Chaudhry claimed that the Army had reduced its financial
demands from 1.9% to 1.7% of the GDP despite inflation and highlighted the
taxes and duties paid by the Army's economic entities. However, these
statements ring hollow, as the Pakistan Army has grown into the nation’s
largest business conglomerate, benefiting primarily its officers, both serving
and retired. The Army’s involvement in economic affairs has made it a leech
draining the country’s resources, to the detriment of the wider population.
The Army's Political Intrigue and Accountability Farce
Chaudhry’s September 5 press conference also covered two
other key issues: the ongoing court martial of Lt Gen Faiz Hameed (Retd),
former Director-General of ISI, and the situation in Balochistan. On the matter
of Hameed, Chaudhry praised the Army’s “robust” system of accountability,
claiming it applies equally to serving and retired personnel. However, the
Pakistani Army’s accountability measures are widely viewed as a farce,
especially given the Army’s deep involvement in politics. Hameed’s court martial
is likely more a consequence of the ongoing power struggle between former Prime
Minister Imran Khan and current Army Chief Gen Asim Munir.
Balochistan and Shifting the Blame
Regarding Balochistan, Chaudhry attempted to shift blame for
the ongoing terrorism there onto civilian authorities, suggesting that the
Army’s role is limited to "kinetic" actions, such as clearing areas
of terrorists. According to him, it is up to the civil administration to build
and fortify state institutions. However, this narrative follows the Army’s
standard playbook, designed to deflect responsibility for the failures in
combating terrorism.
Chaudhry also blamed Afghanistan for rising terrorism,
citing the presence of terrorist camps and the involvement of Afghan nationals
in attacks. He pointed to the American military’s leftover weapons as another
source of Pakistan’s terrorism woes. Despite the Army’s initial celebration of
the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan, this victory is now proving to be
a hollow one, with escalating security issues in Pakistan.
The Need for the Army to Step Aside
Ultimately, Chaudhry’s most telling remark was his
suggestion that, while the Army can fight terrorists, the battle against
terrorism must be waged by the entire nation. If this is true, the Pakistan
Army should relinquish its hold on the country’s security policies and return
to the barracks. However, given its entrenched corporate interests, this is
unlikely to happen. The Army remains deeply invested in maintaining its
economic and political dominance, to the detriment of Pakistan’s overall
stability.
A Moment of Reckoning
Chaudhry’s press conference epitomized the double-speak,
blame-shifting, and hypocrisy that have long defined the Pakistan Army. As the
country prepares for its 24th IMF bailout, the question remains: will
Pakistan’s military establishment finally step back and allow for the economic
reforms necessary for genuine growth? Or will the Army continue to pursue its
narrow interests, leaving Pakistan’s economy in perpetual crisis? Only time
will tell, but the need for change has never been clearer
Sunday 15 September 2024
Bangladesh's Directive on Hindu Festivities: A Cause for Concern
The interim government of Bangladesh, led by Muhammad Yunus, has issued a directive mandating Hindu Puja committees to cease the use of musical instruments and sound systems five minutes before and during the Islamic azaan and namaz. This directive, implemented as the country prepares for Durga Puja, is purportedly aimed at maintaining religious harmony. However, it bears an uncomfortable resemblance to a 'Talibani' approach, seemingly targeting Bangladesh's already beleaguered minority Hindu population.
The imposition of these restrictions on a vulnerable community under the guise of ensuring law and order during the largest Hindu festival in the region is disproportionate. Such a move risks deepening the divide between communities within Bangladesh and could strain the country's relationship with India. The sensitivity of this decision is heightened in the aftermath of the political shift following the ouster of Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister.
Trade Tensions: The Padma Hilsa Ban
In a parallel development, Dhaka has also decided to ban the export of Padma hilsa — a fish that holds significant cultural and culinary importance during Puja festivities in West Bengal. This decision reverses the 'hilsa diplomacy' of previous governments, which had used the symbolic exchange of the fish to foster goodwill and friendship between Bangladesh and India.
The ban on hilsa exports could further escalate tensions, signaling a shift in trade policies under Bangladesh’s interim leadership. This reversal of a positive diplomatic gesture could have broader implications for bilateral relations, particularly in the context of cultural and religious festivities.
Potential Diplomatic Fallout
Although there has yet to be an official response from India regarding these developments, concerns are mounting over Bangladesh’s religious and trade policies. Yunus’ recent statement emphasizing that his country seeks strong ties with India, based on fairness and equality, stands in stark contrast to his government's actions. While his appeal suggests a desire to foster regional cooperation and mutual respect, the policies being enacted tell a different story — one that risks alienating a key regional partner.
For Bangladesh to maintain peaceful and productive relations with India, its actions must reflect a commitment to religious inclusivity and balanced diplomacy. The current trajectory could undermine the historic bond between the two countries if not addressed. Moving forward, a more equitable approach in handling both religious and trade matters will be crucial to sustaining the positive ties between Bangladesh and India.
Friday 13 September 2024
India’s Semiconductor Ambitions: A Tough Road Ahead
India is ambitiously positioning itself as a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing. The ongoing Semicon India 2024 conference in Greater Noida is a showcase of the country's semiconductor strategy and policy. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's catchy statement, "the chips are never down in India," serves as an open call for industry stakeholders to make significant investments in the country. However, while India's growth potential is promising, sustained government support will be crucial to delivering on the Prime Minister's promise of creating an integrated ecosystem for international players.
The Ubiquity and Importance of Semiconductors
Semiconductors are the backbone of modern technology, found in everything from smartphones and automobiles to washing machines, pacemakers, and airplanes. This makes the semiconductor industry highly competitive, with global leaders such as Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, the U.S., and China dominating the field. Taiwan, in particular, boasts a robust, end-to-end supply chain and is home to thousands of semiconductor-related companies, making it the global leader.
The Covid-19 pandemic, however, caused significant disruptions in semiconductor production, especially in Taiwan and China, underscoring the need for a diversified global supply chain. It was during this period that India launched the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) in 2021, aiming to capitalize on the shifting dynamics and establish itself as a key player.
India’s Challenges in the Competitive Semiconductor Market
While India is keen to secure a larger share of the global semiconductor market, the path forward will be far from easy. Countries across Asia are aggressively courting investors with attractive incentives, and the U.S. has set a goal to triple its domestic semiconductor manufacturing capacity by 2032, following the passage of the CHIPS and Science Act.
To move beyond the optimism and rhetoric, India will need to establish clear timelines for achieving its semiconductor ambitions. The ease of doing business will be a decisive factor in attracting long-term investments. While India's semiconductor ecosystem is still in its nascent stages, there should be no hesitation in learning from the experiences of more established countries.
A Long-Term Vision for Success
India's dream of becoming a semiconductor powerhouse is ambitious but achievable, provided it can overcome the challenges posed by a highly competitive global landscape. The government's role in facilitating a conducive business environment and learning from the successes of other nations will be crucial to ensuring that India's semiconductor journey is a success
Protecting India's Railway Network from Sabotage: Urgent Steps Needed
The Central Government recently reported 18
incidents of sabotage targeting railway infrastructure since August 1, 2024,
and 24 incidents in total over the past two years. On September 8, an LPG
cylinder was discovered on a railway track near Kanpur, raising serious
concerns. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw had already expressed worry over
train derailments, indicating a "disturbing trend" of deliberate
attempts to derail trains. Investigations by the Railways and other agencies
are underway, including the possibility of terrorist involvement.
A History
of Targeting Railways
The sabotage of India's railway network is not
a new phenomenon. In fact, as far back as September 2003, the Ministry of
Railways initiated patrolling on tracks in areas considered sabotage-prone.
Despite ongoing measures, the vast and critical nature of India’s railway
network makes it an attractive target for those seeking to cause mass
disruption. With the focus largely on aviation security over the years, surface
transport infrastructure, including railways, has not received the same level
of attention.
Why
Railways are a Prime Target
Terrorists often look for innovative ways to
outmaneuver security agencies, and the expansive, heavily trafficked railway
system offers significant opportunities. Railways not only serve millions of
passengers daily but also provide essential logistical services to the nation.
As the network continues to expand, it becomes increasingly vulnerable to
attacks. The potential for disruption is enormous, as demonstrated in France,
where ‘coordinated sabotage’ targeted high-speed train lines just before the Paris
Olympics.
Need for a
Coordinated Response
While some steps have been taken to enhance
railway security, a harmonized, coordinated approach involving all stakeholders
is crucial. This must include not just preventive measures but also rapid
response strategies to minimize damage and restore services after an attack. A
key starting point is understanding the perpetrators' motives. For example, in
Ajmer, Rajasthan, two 70 kg cement blocks were placed on a railway track in an
apparent attempt to derail a train. Such incidents indicate that amateur criminals,
rather than trained terrorists, may be involved. However, the possibility of a
terrorist-criminal nexus cannot be ruled out, as these acts may be outsourced
to criminal elements who act as overground workers for terrorist organizations.
Enhancing
Railway Security: A Multi-Layered Approach
Given that the Ministry of Railways oversees
train operations but state governments are responsible for safeguarding tracks
and bridges, there is a clear need for the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to
step in and coordinate efforts. The MHA should lead a comprehensive review of
railway security, conducting risk assessments to identify vulnerabilities and
prioritize protective measures against both physical and cyberattacks.
Railway security plans must be tailored to
specific regions, emphasizing enhanced information-sharing, technological
integration, and collaboration between the Railways, law enforcement, and other
stakeholders. Surveillance through CCTV cameras, drone monitoring, regular
track inspections, and in high-threat areas, the use of pilot engines to clear
lines ahead of passenger trains, are essential components of a robust security
strategy.
Involving
the Public and Leveraging Global Best Practices
Public participation in railway security is
another critical element. India could adopt a system similar to the U.S.
Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative, which has been in place
since 2010. This initiative allows citizens and law enforcement agencies to
collaborate in identifying and reporting suspicious activities across the
entire railway system. By sharing real-time information, authorities can better
analyze and respond to potential threats.
Balancing
Security with Efficiency
One of the key challenges will be implementing
these security measures without compromising the accessibility and efficiency
of train travel. The MHA should extend its efforts beyond railways and work on
developing a national infrastructure protection plan that safeguards other
critical sectors from potential terrorist attacks.
In conclusion, India's railway network is
facing increased sabotage threats, and a comprehensive, coordinated response is
needed to address these challenges. By leveraging technology, enhancing
collaboration, and involving the public, India can better protect its railways
and ensure the safety of passengers and goods.
Sheikh Abdul Rashid's Interim Bail: A IMPORTANT Moment for Jammu & Kashmir's Politics
The interim bail granted to Sheikh Abdul Rashid, also known as Engineer Rashid, a Member of Parliament from Baramulla, marks a significant development in Jammu & Kashmir's evolving political landscape. Rashid, arrested in 2019 under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act by the National Investigation Agency, has long been associated with separatist ideology and faces allegations related to terror funding. His release ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections provides him with an opportunity to campaign, which could influence the region's political dynamics.
Rashid’s Electoral Influence
Rashid's electoral history is noteworthy. He achieved a major political milestone by defeating Omar Abdullah, a heavyweight in J&K politics, in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. This victory demonstrated his strong local support base. Now, as he re-enters the political scene, it raises important questions about the role of former separatist leaders in mainstream democratic processes. His Awami Ittehad Party, often viewed as controversial, could gain traction amidst a divided electorate.
Divided Political Reactions
Opinions about Rashid’s bail and political comeback vary. Mehbooba Mufti has criticized his party, suggesting it acts as a proxy for the BJP and implying that the timing of his bail may be politically strategic. Ghulam Nabi Azad, on the other hand, has welcomed the bail, while Omar Abdullah has urged voters not to fragment their mandate, warning that support for Rashid could indirectly bolster the BJP's influence. Upon his release from Tihar Jail, Rashid stated that he plans to challenge Prime Minister Modi's 'Naya Kashmir' narrative.
Impact on J&K’s Political Future
Rashid's release could either pave the way for the integration of former separatists into J&K’s political system or deepen existing divisions. His return to the political arena raises broader questions about how Jammu & Kashmir will reconcile its separatist past with its democratic aspirations. Depending on the public's response, his re-emergence could contribute to political stability or reignite old tensions.
This complex interplay between democratic engagement and separatist legacies highlights the challenges ahead for Jammu & Kashmir's political future. Whether Rashid's bail represents a genuine step towards political reintegration or a calculated move before the elections will become clearer in the coming weeks
The Maratha Uprising Against Aurangzeb (1682-1707)Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 3
Shivaji's eldest son, Sambhaji, was captured by Mughal forces in 1689. He was brutally executed in March 1689 near the banks of the Bhima River, close to Pune. Following his capture, Shivaji’s second son, Rajaram, managed to escape to the fortified town of Jinji in the southernmost parts of India, ensuring the Maratha resistance continued.
The Fate
of Sambhaji's Family
Sambhaji's
wife, Yesubai, and their young son, Shahu, were captured by the Mughals and
spent the next 18 years imprisoned. Despite this setback, the Marathas
maintained their fighting spirit, with the subsequent war becoming one of the most
significant chapters in Indian history, often regarded as a "people's
war" against the Mughal Empire.
Queen
Tarabai's Leadership
After
Rajaram’s death in 1700, his widow, Queen Tarabai, assumed leadership and
continued the fight against the Mughals with unwavering determination. Her role
during this period was crucial in keeping the Maratha resistance alive.
The Rise
of Feudal Lords
Under
Rajaram's reign, the Marathas faced mounting pressure and a lack of resources.
To sustain the war effort, Rajaram had to reintroduce land grants, which had
been discontinued by Shivaji. This led to the rise of powerful Sardars (feudal
lords), resulting in diminished central authority, which became a challenge for
the Maratha state.
Raids and
Their Consequences
The
Marathas, short of resources, resorted to looting Mughal territories. While
these raids were effective in weakening Mughal forces, they also caused immense
suffering to local populations, resulting in the Marathas losing support
outside Maharashtra. This marked a significant contrast to the more disciplined
conduct of Shivaji’s time.
The
Decline of Maratha Military Strength
Maharashtra's
lack of mineral wealth, combined with a cultural emphasis on cavalry over
infantry, hindered the development of firearms. This strategic oversight would
prove costly in the years to come, especially when the Marathas faced the
English, who had already begun to shift the focus of their military toward
infantry, which was becoming the dominant force on the battlefield.
Shahu's
Ascension and the Rise of the Peshwas
In 1708,
Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji, was crowned as Chhatrapati at Satara after his
release from Mughal captivity. Five years later, in 1713, Balaji Vishwanath
secured the position of Peshwa (Prime Minister) from Shahu, marking the
beginning of hereditary Peshwa rule in the Maratha Empire.
The
Maratha Confederacy
Under
Shahu’s reign, the tightly controlled Maratha state that Shivaji had
established transformed into a confederacy. The powerful Maratha
leaders—Scindia (Shinde), Holkar, Gaikwad, and Pawar—reported to the Peshwa,
while Sarkhel Angrey (Navy Chief) and Sena Subha Bhonsle (Military Chief)
reported directly to the Chhatrapati.
Bajirao's
Military Strategy
In 1720,
Bajirao I became Peshwa, and he transformed the Maratha military into a highly
mobile, cavalry-based fighting force. His swift-moving cavalry struck fear into
enemies and captured the popular imagination in Maharashtra. Bajirao's tactics
inspired leaders such as Yashwant Holkar in 1804-05 and Tatya Tope during the
1857 Indian Rebellion.
Historical
Significance of Maratha Expansion
Before
Bajirao’s campaigns, it was a rare occurrence for victorious armies to travel
from south to north, with one notable exception during the reign of Pulakeshin
II in 606 CE. Bajirao’s successes were a reversal of the norm, demonstrating
the growing power of the Marathas.
The
Decline of the Mughal Empire
Nadir Shah's
invasion in 1740 further weakened the already crumbling Mughal Empire. By the
time of his departure, the empire’s influence had shrunk, and its jurisdiction
was largely confined to the city of Delhi, marking the end of Mughal dominance
in India.
Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 2-Chapter 1 Laying the Foundation
The
Marathas' Role in Preserving India's Independence
From 1682 to
1707, the Marathas played a crucial role in preventing India from meeting the
same fate as Persia, which had succumbed to imperial invasions. During this
period, Maharashtra, which had enjoyed peace since the defeat of the Yadavas of
Devagiri by Alauddin Khilji in 1293, saw resistance rise from within.
Resistance
and Resilience in the Heart of Maharashtra
Muslim rule
during this time was largely confined to cities, leaving remote and mountainous
regions, such as those occupied by local jagirdars, relatively unaffected.
These areas, particularly the hill regions of western Maharashtra, became
hotbeds of resistance. Shivaji's loyal forces, known as the Mavale, hailed from
these rugged terrains and were known for their unwavering dedication and
resilience.
The Rise
of the Bhakti Movement and Cultural Unity
Muslim
invasions spurred the rise of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra, which
fostered unity beyond caste boundaries. Saints like Sant Dnyaneshwar
(1275-1296), the first of the Warkari saints, spread the message of universal
humanism, making society more cohesive. Sant Tukaram, a contemporary of
Shivaji, further strengthened Indian philosophy through his devotional poetry.
Religious
Awakening and the Seeds of Revolt
Saints like
Samarth Ramdas openly advocated rebellion against Muslim tyranny. These
saint-poets not only promoted the Marathi language, uniting people across
castes but also awakened a sense of resistance. Their influence can be likened
to the role played by Arya Samaj in resisting the Nizam of Hyderabad before
1947.
A Unique
Warrior Society
Maharashtra
did not have a well-defined Kshatriya class. Instead, part-time soldiers from
middle-caste land tillers took up arms after Dussehra, a tradition unique to
this region. This, combined with the cultural awakening spurred by the saints,
created a strong social cohesion. The absence of a warrior caste allowed talent
and hard work to propel individuals like Shinde, Gaikwad, Angrey, and Holkar to
the top of the Maratha hierarchy.
The Role
of the Mahars in Shivaji's Army
The Mahars,
regarded as untouchables, played a vital role in Shivaji's army as village
guards, intelligence gatherers, and communicators, known as Harkaray. Their
service was instrumental in maintaining the Maratha empire's internal security
and communication networks.
Shivaji’s
Early Life and Military Tactics
Shivaji was
born in 1630 (some sources claim 1627) to Shahji, who frequently shifted
allegiances between the Sultans of Bijapur and Ahmednagar. Shivaji's military
genius was displayed early on when he defeated Afzal Khan and led a daring
commando raid on the Mughal camp in Pune, earning widespread respect.
Building
the Maratha Empire
Shivaji laid
the foundation of the Maratha Empire with the guiding principles of "Dev,
Desh, Dharma" (God, country, faith). He employed guerrilla warfare
tactics, relying on ambushes and raids to compensate for his smaller forces.
His control of 432 mountain forts served as a base for his mobile forces, and
his extensive spy network, led by Bahirji Naik, provided timely intelligence.
Strategic
Military Tactics and Administration
Shivaji
divided his forces into mobile columns, exploiting the Mughal vulnerabilities
by targeting their supply lines. His sound administration garnered popular
support and ensured a steady flow of intelligence. Moreover, Shivaji was
strategic in his diplomacy, ensuring he never faced both the Mughals and the
Sultan of Bijapur simultaneously.
The
Battle of Pratapgarh: A Tactical Masterclass
In the
Battle of Pratapgarh (10/11/1659), Shivaji demonstrated his innovative military
strategy by following up victories with relentless offensive action. The
beheading of Afzal Khan destroyed the myth of Muslim battlefield superiority,
much like India's victory over Pakistan in 2004.
Daring
Raids and Escape from Agra
Shivaji
forced his enemies to fight on his terms, a tactic exemplified in his midnight
raid on Shaiste Khan’s forces in Pune. Despite overwhelming odds, Shivaji's
soldiers created confusion by tying torches to bullocks' horns, allowing
Shivaji to escape to Sinhagad fort. Later, in 1666, Shivaji's escape from house
arrest in Agra after being confined by Aurangzeb enhanced his stature as a
national hero.
Establishing
the Maratha Navy and Expanding Influence
Shivaji's
strategic foresight extended to naval warfare. By 1680, the Maratha navy
boasted 45 large ships, 150 twin-sail vessels, and numerous smaller boats,
ensuring control of the western coastline. His coronation in 1674 formalized
his role as the leader of the Marathas, and he continued to strengthen the
empire by establishing a professional, full-time army.
Shivaji's
Military Legacy
Shivaji's
reluctance to rely on infantry and his inability to establish a weapons
industry were some of the challenges he faced. However, his relentless
offensive strategies, emphasis on political objectives in warfare, and vision
of pan-Indian Hindu unity laid the groundwork for future Maratha victories. His
successors fought and eventually defeated Aurangzeb's forces after a prolonged
25-year conflict.
A
Visionary Leader and His Enduring Legacy
Shivaji’s
reign ended in 1680, but his legacy continued. He foresaw the threat posed by
the English, and the Marathas later engaged the British in naval warfare.
Admiral Kanhoji Angrey's leadership kept the English at bay on the western
coast, securing Maratha dominance in the region. Without Shivaji's efforts, the
subcontinent might have become part of a continuous Islamic belt stretching
from Morocco to Indonesia.
Shivaji's
Enduring Contribution to Warfare and Governance
Shivaji was
a visionary leader who discarded outdated military practices like war elephants
and adopted a relentless offensive strategy. His foresight, strategic
brilliance, and ability to unite a diverse society left an indelible mark on
Indian history, ensuring his legacy as one of the most formidable rulers of the
17th century.
Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale PART 1 INTRODUCTION
The
Forgotten Maratha Empire
The British
conquest of India is often romanticized as a victory over the Mughal Empire.
However, a more accurate historical narrative reveals that the Marathas, not
the Mughals, were the dominant force in much of India for nearly three decades.
Their military prowess, political acumen, and cultural influence were
instrumental in shaping the Indian subcontinent.
The
Marathas' Military Might
The
Marathas, led by legendary figures like Shivaji and his son Sambhaji, engaged
in numerous battles with the British, often with considerable success. The
Battle of Wadgaon, where Maratha General Mahadji Shinde defeated the British
forces, is a testament to their military capabilities. Their expansion into
regions like Orissa and Bengal further solidified their position as a
formidable power.
The
British Perspective
Even the
British themselves acknowledged the formidable nature of the Maratha Empire.
General Wellesley, renowned for his victories over Napoleon, considered the
Battle of Assaye against the Marathas to be one of the most challenging of his
career. This recognition underscores the Marathas' military prowess and
strategic acumen.
The
Impact of Muslim Rule
The
prolonged Muslim rule of India, which began in the 13th century, had a
significant impact on the region's culture and society. Restrictive practices
for women, midnight marriage ceremonies, and the spread of fatalism were some
of the consequences of this period. Additionally, the ancient history of India
was largely supplanted by the court historians of Delhi.
The Rise
of the Marathas
The rise of
the Marathas under Shivaji's leadership ignited the flames of early Indian
nationalism. Shivaji's vision of a united, self-governing India, known as
"Hindavi Swarajya," inspired countless others to fight for their
independence. His efforts to revive ancient Indian culture through initiatives
like the Rajya Vyavahar Kosh were also crucial in shaping the nation's
identity.
The
Diminished Role of Shivaji
Despite
their significant contributions, the Marathas and their leader Shivaji have
often been overshadowed in Indian history. This can be attributed to several
factors, including contemporary political considerations, electoral politics,
and the British need to justify their colonial rule.
The
British and Other Opponents
While the
British faced the Marathas, they also confronted other adversaries such as the
Sikhs and Gorkhas. However, the British often portrayed these groups in a more
favorable light, emphasizing their loyalty and support. In contrast, the
Marathas were often depicted as rebellious and disruptive.
Maratha
Generosity and Strategic Errors
The
Marathas' decision to let the British off the hook after the Battle of Wadgaon
in 1779 and their failure to capitalize on their military advantages in
subsequent battles were strategic errors that ultimately contributed to their
downfall. These missteps allowed the British to consolidate their power and
eventually establish their dominance in India.
Conclusion
The Maratha
Empire played a pivotal role in shaping the history of India. Their military
prowess, cultural contributions, and political vision were instrumental in
inspiring early Indian nationalism. However, due to a combination of historical
factors, their legacy has often been overlooked. It is essential to rectify
this historical injustice and recognize the significant contributions of the
Marathas to India's rich heritage.
Book Review: The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire by Col Anil Athale
A Comprehensive Examination of
Shivaji's Military Genius
Col Anil Athale's The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy,
Naval Supremacy and the Maratha Empire is an illuminating study that delves
deep into the multifaceted military prowess of one of India's most revered
historical figures, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. This book stands out for its
detailed analysis and engaging narrative, making it an essential read for
history enthusiasts and military strategists alike.
Military Strategy and Tactics
Athale meticulously breaks down Shivaji's military strategies,
showcasing how he revolutionized warfare in the Indian subcontinent. The author
emphasizes Shivaji's innovative use of guerrilla tactics, fortification, and
intelligence, which allowed the Marathas to out manoeuvre and defeat much
larger and better-equipped armies. Through vivid descriptions and
well-researched accounts, Athale paints a picture of a leader who was always a
step ahead of his enemies, using terrain and surprise to his advantage.
Naval Supremacy
One of the most compelling sections of the book is Athale's exploration
of Shivaji's efforts to establish naval supremacy. The author details the
formation of the Maratha navy and how it became a formidable force in the
Arabian Sea, challenging the dominance of established powers like the
Portuguese and the Siddis. This naval aspect of Shivaji's reign is often
overshadowed by his land campaigns, but Athale brings it to the forefront,
arguing convincingly that Shivaji's vision extended beyond terrestrial conquests
to control maritime trade routes and secure coastal defenses.
The Maratha Empire's Expansion
Athale also provides a broader context by examining the expansion of the
Maratha Empire after Shivaji's death. He highlights how Shivaji's successors
built upon his legacy, expanding their territory and influence. The book delves
into the administrative and socio-political reforms initiated by Shivaji, which
laid a strong foundation for the empire's sustainability and growth. Athale's
analysis of the Maratha Empire's resilience and adaptability offers valuable
insights into its enduring legacy.
Research and Sources
Furthermore, the book benefits
from a wealth of primary and secondary sources, including historical documents,
chronicles, and contemporary accounts. Col Anil Athale's meticulous research
shines through, as he combines these sources with his own analysis and
interpretations to present a well-rounded perspective on Shivaji's military
exploits and the socio-political context of his time. The inclusion of maps,
illustrations, and photographs enhances the reading experience, providing
visual aids that aid in understanding the geographical and strategic aspects of
Shivaji's conquests.
Potential Drawback and
Mitigation
If there is one minor drawback
to the book, it is the occasional density of information, which may overwhelm
readers less familiar with Indian history or military terminology. However, Col
Anil Athale's skillful storytelling and ability to distill complex concepts
mitigate this issue to a great extent.
"The Legacy of Shivaji
The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy, and the Maratha Empire" by
Col Anil Athale is an outstanding contribution to the understanding of
Shivaji's military genius and his lasting impact on Indian history. Athale's
thorough research, engaging narrative, and insightful analysis make this book a
must-read for anyone interested in the life and accomplishments of this
legendary warrior king.
Scholarly Rigor and
Accessibility
What sets this book apart is Col Anil Athale's ability to present
complex historical information in an accessible and engaging manner. The author
strikes a balance between academic rigor and readability, making the book
enjoyable for both scholars and general readers interested in Indian history.
Athale's writing style is clear, concise, and compelling, allowing readers to
immerse themselves in the narrative effortlessly.
Col Anil Athale's background as a military historian and retired army
officer lends a unique perspective to his writing. His scholarly rigor is
evident in the extensive use of primary sources, historical records, and maps
that enrich the narrative. However, the book is not just for academics;
Athale's clear and engaging prose makes complex military strategies and
historical events accessible to general readers.
Conclusion
The Legacy of Shivaji The Great: Military Strategy, Naval Supremacy and
the Maratha Empire is a significant contribution to the historiography of Shivaji Maharaj
and the Maratha Empire. Col Anil Athale's thorough research and insightful
analysis provide a nuanced understanding of Shivaji's military genius and his
enduring legacy. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in Indian
history, military strategy, and the remarkable story of one of India's greatest
warrior-kings
Thursday 12 September 2024
Strategic Focus on Border, Coastal, and Air Defense: Xi Jinping's Military Priorities
China's national
defense strategy places a significant emphasis on safeguarding its territorial
sovereignty and maritime rights, particularly through robust border, coastal,
and air defense mechanisms. In a recent speech, Xi Jinping underscored the
importance of mainland defense, signaling a strategic priority that reflects
Beijing's broader geopolitical concerns.
Strengthening
Traditional Combat Forces
Xi Jinping's
emphasis on border, coastal, and air defense aligns with the Chinese Communist
Party's resolution. In Chinese military terminology, "traditional combat
forces" typically refer to conscript-heavy units, which include border and
coastal defense forces and other ground combat units. By prioritizing homeland
defense, Xi is likely to elevate the stature of these army elements, enhancing
their profile within society.
Implications
for Local Governments and Military-Civilian Integration
A pertinent example of this trend is the
construction of over 50 new villages and the expansion of 100 others in remote
regions along China's periphery since 2016, likely driven by this policy
direction.
A New Front in the
Indo-Pacific: The Gulf of Thailand
China's
Strategic Canal Project
The geopolitical
tensions between China and the United States have intensified in the South
China Sea and Taiwan Strait. However, another significant body of water in the
Indo-Pacific, the Gulf of Thailand, is emerging as a potential flashpoint.
China's ambitious infrastructure projects in the region, particularly the
Funan-Techo Canal, could significantly alter the regional balance of power.
The
Funan-Techo Canal: A Game-Changer
The Funan-Techo
Canal, a $1.7 billion project funded by China, aims to connect Cambodia's
capital, Phnom Penh, to the Gulf of Thailand. This canal, if completed, could
reduce shipping times and boost Cambodia's economy. The project is touted as a
win-win for both Cambodia and China .
China's
Strategic Objectives
China's investment
in the canal serves several strategic objectives. Firstly, it grants China
direct access to the Gulf of Thailand, bypassing the need to navigate through
the South China Sea. This could potentially reduce the risk of confrontations
with other regional powers. Secondly, the canal could help China address its
"Malacca Dilemma," a concern about its dependence on the Strait of
Malacca for trade. Finally, the project could give China a strategic advantage
over Vietnam, a regional rival.
Implications
for Regional Stability
The Funan-Techo
Canal project could potentially escalate tensions between China and other
regional powers, particularly Vietnam.
US-Australia-Japan Trilateral Cooperation on Strategic Stability Against China
The launch of the CSIS Australia and Japan Chairs Report on U.S.-Australia-Japan Trilateral Cooperation highlights the growing importance of strategic stability in the Taiwan Strait. China's escalating military activities, economic pressure, and increasingly belligerent rhetoric regarding reunification have significantly heightened tensions, both regionally and globally. The risk of conflict in the Taiwan Strait has become a pressing concern, with potential scenarios ranging from a full-scale invasion to more ambiguous forms of aggression that fall below the threshold of conventional warfare.
The
Role of the U.S., Japan, and Australia
The United States,
Japan, and Australia serve as the primary anchors of regional stability in the
Indo-Pacific. Despite the formidable power and shared interests of these three
nations in maintaining cross-strait stability, discussions between Washington,
Tokyo, and Canberra on preventing and responding to a crisis remain
underdeveloped. There is a critical need for enhanced dialogue and coordination
among these allies to effectively address the challenges posed by China's
assertive actions.
Track 2
Discussions for Strategic Stability
In an effort to
foster a more focused dialogue on preserving cross-strait stability, the CSIS
Australia Chair and Japan Chair convened a group of 22 leading strategic
thinkers from the United States, Japan, and Australia for two days of Track 2
discussions in Canberra. These discussions were marked by vigorous debate on
the best strategies to counter China's grey zone coercion and to strengthen
deterrence against any potential use of force by China to compel unification.
The outcomes of these discussions are expected to play a crucial role in
shaping future trilateral cooperation on strategic stability in the region.
India's Export Challenges-Economic Growth Amidst Global Pressures
The World Bank has revised its growth forecast for India's economy upwards, reflecting its resilience in the face of global challenges. However, the report highlights a concerning trend: India's declining share in global exports compared to competitors like Vietnam and Bangladesh.
Losing
Ground in Key Sectors
India's exports of
apparel, leather, textiles, and footwear have decreased significantly over the
past decade. This decline is particularly evident when compared to the growth
of Bangladesh and Vietnam in these sectors. Furthermore, India's trade deficit
with China continues to widen, indicating a strong preference for Chinese goods
in the Indian market.
Opportunities
and Challenges
Despite these
challenges, India has an opportunity to regain lost ground due to political and
economic instability in Bangladesh. To achieve this, India must focus on
reducing production costs, improving productivity, and maintaining quality
standards. While India has been hesitant to join large trade blocs, bilateral
Free Trade Agreements with Western and Gulf nations can be a strategic approach
to countering the competition from Vietnam and China.
Conclusion
India's economic growth is
commendable, but its export performance requires urgent attention. By
addressing the challenges of high production costs, improving productivity, and
strategically engaging with global markets, India can enhance its competitiveness
and achieve its ambitious export goals
Paralympic Champions: India's Real Heroes
Overcoming
Adversity
Dharambir,
Harvinder Singh, Nitesh Kumar, Sumit Antil, and Avani Lekhara are names that
may not be as familiar as those of India's cricketers. However, their
achievements are equally, if not more, remarkable. These athletes have
conquered immense challenges to stand on the highest podium of the Paralympic
Games.
Defying
the Odds
Harvinder Singh, an
archer from Haryana, was struck by dengue as a toddler, leading to impaired
legs. Despite his disability, he pursued his passion for archery and became the
first Indian archer to win a Paralympics gold. Similarly, Dharambir, also from
Haryana, was paralyzed after a diving accident but defied the odds to become a
club throw champion. Sumit Antil and Avani Lekhara, both from road accidents,
have also risen to the top of their respective sports.
The
Need for Recognition
Unfortunately, the
Paralympic Games do not garner the same level of attention in India as the
Olympics. Para-athletes are often overlooked and not considered
"real" athletes. This attitude needs to change. While Sports Minister
Mansukh Mandaviya has called for greater support for Paralympic athletes, more
needs to be done to promote and celebrate their achievements.
A Call
for Change
It's time to
recognize the incredible feats of our Paralympic champions. Their stories of
resilience and determination inspire us all. By supporting para-athletes and
raising awareness about the Paralympic Games, we can foster a more inclusive
and equitable sporting culture in India.