Countering Chinese Multi domain War

 

Aggressive Behaviour From Nations Does Not Bode Well For Beijing 

The Lithuanians do not want Chinese smartphones. The Canadians expelled a Chinese diplomat. The Swiss want to romance Taipei. The Italians want to ditch the Belt and Road Initiative.

Across the globe, nations are unsheathing their swords against China. They are standing up to Beijing, decoupling or – as the new catchphrase goes – de-risking to ensure their future is not reliant on being in China’s good graces.

This aggressive behaviour from nations does not bode well for Beijing. Across the globe, governments are willing to take steps against the world’s second-largest economy that they dared not take against Washington. Does the world view China differently? Does China have gravitas in the eyes of other nations? Is China a serious power?

In less than one week, Canada reversed decades of friendly foreign policy towards Beijing.

It’s not just the expelling of a Chinese diplomat, or Canada shrugging off warnings that China will retaliate economically, or the “list” Ottawa is reportedly creating of foreign laboratories and universities that Canadian institutions cannot work with, a move seen as targeted at China.

With Spratly Islands cruises for tourists, Philippines uses ‘soft diplomacy’ to advance its South China Sea territorial claims

Tourism’s use as an economic or soft power weapon is not new. Just ask South Korea, which saw Chinese arrivals plummet amid a dispute with Beijing

The launch in the Philippines of cruises for tourists to three of the disputed Spratly Islands the country controls is a fresh exertion of ‘soft diplomacy’.

Strategic Kaleidoscope between India and China-Remain  nimble footed to counter Chinese multi domain war

Doubts had been raised in India about how important world powers would react if India hosted an international conference in Jammu and Kashmir. The answers to such queries were provided recently. India deliberately chose Srinagar to host G20 members who were focusing attention on the promotion of tourism. Srinagar is widely accepted as a tourist haven. Pakistan made all-out efforts to dissuade countries from attending the meeting. China predictably skipped the meeting and was joined by some Islamic countries — Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Indonesia and Turkiye. Indonesia and Saudi Arabia were, however, represented at the Srinagar meeting by their diplomats. Turkiye has been an ardent supporter of Pakistan for decades. It has chosen to remain less than friendly with India. 

Just over a week earlier, the National Security Advisers (NSAs) of India (Ajit Doval) and the US (Jake Sullivan) met in Saudi Arabia along with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman and Sheikh Tahnoon bin Zayed al Nahyan, the NSA of the UAE. 

The US-India exchanges with the UAE and Saudi Arabia will hopefully enhance security, stability and cooperation across India’s oil-rich western neighbourhood. The understanding promoted by the US-India interaction with two oil-rich Arab states should now be carefully integrated with work in the U2I2 grouping comprising the US, the UAE, India and Israel. Stability and peace in a region where an estimated 8.1 million Indians reside, out of whom 3.4 million are based in the UAE, is of  importance to India.

Amidst these developments, the major security challenge that India has to face across its land and maritime frontiers arises from the continuing hostility of the Xi Jinping government. The conflict in Ladakh  commenced in 2020 when China seemed determined to move back to its unilaterally announced 1959 claim line. Beijing did not sufficiently succeed in this effort in the face of strong Indian resistance.

India has responded strongly by resisting Chinese efforts to seize territories in Arunachal Pradesh in the Tawang area. China’s aim is clearly to keep Indian troops deployed in difficult terrain and ice-cold weather in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh. China will soon realise that ‘salami slicing’ of small bits of Indian territory is not going to impact India’s growing relations with the US, Russia and Japan. Nor are they going to influence India’s determination to foster economic and defence ties through groupings such as the Quad and I2U2 across the Indo-Pacific region.

While Bhutan and India are linked by long-standing treaty commitments, China is now seeking to make inroads into Bhutan by negotiating a border agreement. Bhutan, with its long-term economic, cultural and spiritual links, is, however, sensitive to India’s concerns as it proceeds with its talks with China. 

China’s G20 Srinagar game plan was hollow. PoK to Taiwan to Tibet, India can turn the table

Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia will soon realise the drawbacks of aligning with China by boycotting G20 Srinagar meet. 

China remains engrossed in its long-term programme for strategic containment of India. This is a reality that India has to recognise and be prepared for a long haul. India’s response to this long-term reality of challenges that China poses has been gradually picking up momentum. This has involved maintaining good relations with Russia, despite western reservations. 

India is set to face the difficult task of ensuring that differences with China and rivalries between Russia and China on the one hand, and the US and its European allies on the other, do not hamper the success of the G20 Summit it is hosting later this year.

SECURITY SCAN 11JUN 23

News In Brief

India & US close to mega defence deal: Pact for fighter jet engines 1st, ship engines likely next

Transfer of Technology (ToT) for jet engines was the main thrust of National Security Advisor Ajit Doval's talks with his American counterpart Jack Sullivan.

CBI books arms dealer Sudhir Choudhrie, Rolls Royce over HAL deal — ‘£1.85mn bribe, missing papers’

The CBI has alleged that former Rolls Royce India director Tim Jones, Choudhrie, and others conspired to deceive the Indian govt in procurement of Hawk aircraft during the UPA era.

"India's potential to check China's power has never been greater...", says report"

As per the US-based magazine, The Washington Post's op-ed writers on national security are mostly in agreement on the importance of challenging and confronting China. Writers such as David Ignatius, Marc Thiessen, favour greater defence spending and Indo-Pacific deployments to deal with the problem of China. 

US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin to travel to India ahead of Modi's US visit

Austin will visit India to meet with Defense Minister Rajnath Singh and other leaders as the United States and India continue to modernise the US-India Major Defense Partnership, announcing the defense secretary's trip to Japan, Singapore, India and France next week. 

Indian Army, IAF conduct joint exercise along western borders

"The exercise was carried out in realistic tactical settings and showcased the speed, agility and lethality of the paratroopers to induct into a hostile environment, secure dropping zones, and engage the enemy with surprise, precision and speed. "A high level of operational preparedness and synergy was displayed between Western Command, strategic forces and the Indian Air Force to undertake integrated operations in an obstacle-ridden terrain. 

Nation will not forgive or forget attacks on 'memorials of martyrs': Pak Army chief

"I want to convey this message to the heirs of the martyrs of all law enforcement agencies that today the people of Pakistan and the Pakistan Army stand and will continue to stand with them. Earlier, a ceremony was also held at the General Headquarters in Rawalpindi where Gen Munir and his predecessor, retired General Qamar Javed Bajwa, were in attendance.

PLA deployment not increasing: Gen Anil Chauhan

"They haven't gone back. So, there is a challenge actually," he added. "The armed forces are taking all kinds of steps so that there is no untoward situation...We have been able to get back to all places except two: Demchok and Depsang. Negotiations are on," he said. 

Challenges in Manipur will take some time to settle: CDS Anil Chauhan.

Major army training exercise along Western borders

The Indian Army carried out a major training exercise in Punjab this month by various units and formations of Ambala-based Kharga Corps. 

Controversy in Nepal  

Nepal army's plans to procure 26 armoured personnel carriers (APCs) from China's North Industries Group Corporation Limited (Norinco), a state-owned company that has been blacklisted by the United States and was allegedly involved in supplying arms to insurgents in the northeast in the past.

India stands enabled not just for deterrence, but also for robust response: Army Chief Manoj Pande

Gen Manoj Pande said, "Today the nation is at the cusp of transformational changes, we are witness to the growing stature of our country in the international environment and higher expectations from the world community. Our concurrent growth and development, and the rising aspirations of our people, all reflect the confident optimism of a rising nation."

China to join Indonesia's multilateral naval drills despite rising tension

China's navy is sending a destroyer and a frigate to participate in Indonesia's 2023 Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo (MNEK), which will run from June 4 to 8 off the coast of Makassar. The event will also host North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. China and the US are escalating military diplomacy in the region by organising frequent war games with allies and partners around Taiwan, the South China Sea, and the west Pacific. 

Rafale jets carry out long-range mission in Indian Ocean Region

The Indian Air Force  carried out the mission at a time China has been ramping up its presence in the Indian Ocean region. 

Three terrorists arrested as Army foils infiltration bid along LoC in J-K's Poonch

"In a joint operation by Army along with police,  three terrorists were intercepted on LoC in Poonch sector while attempting to cross the fence on the night of May 30 and 31, taking advantage of bad weather and heavy rains.

US military complains of unsafe, aggressive move by Chinese fighter jet

The Chinese J-16 fighter pilot "flew directly in front of the nose of the RC-135," which was conducting routine operations in international airspace last Friday, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command said. It called the Chinese move an " unnecessarily aggressive maneuver."

Drones attack Russian oil refineries near major oil port

At around 0100 GMT a drone struck the Afipsky oil refinery in Russia's Krasnodar region, causing a fire which was later extinguished, Governor Veniamin Kondratyev said. 

Countering Chinese Multi domain War Aggressive Behaviour From Nations Does Not Bode Well For Beijing

The Lithuanians do not want Chinese smartphones. The Canadians expelled a Chinese diplomat. The Swiss want to romance Taipei. The Italians want to ditch the Belt and Road Initiative.

Across the globe, nations are unsheathing their swords against China. They are standing up to Beijing, decoupling or – as the new catchphrase goes – de-risking to ensure their future is not reliant on being in China’s good graces.

This aggressive behaviour from nations does not bode well for Beijing. Across the globe, governments are willing to take steps against the world’s second-largest economy that they dared not take against Washington. Does the world view China differently? Does China have gravitas in the eyes of other nations? Is China a serious power?

In less than one week, Canada reversed decades of friendly foreign policy towards Beijing.

It’s not just the expelling of a Chinese diplomat, or Canada shrugging off warnings that China will retaliate economically, or the “list” Ottawa is reportedly creating of foreign laboratories and universities that Canadian institutions cannot work with, a move seen as targeted at China.

With Spratly Islands cruises for tourists, Philippines uses ‘soft diplomacy’ to advance its South China Sea territorial claims

Tourism’s use as an economic or soft power weapon is not new. Just ask South Korea, which saw Chinese arrivals plummet amid a dispute with Beijing

The launch in the Philippines of cruises for tourists to three of the disputed Spratly Islands the country controls is a fresh exertion of ‘soft diplomacy’.

Strategic Kaleidoscope between India and China-Remain  nimble footed to counter Chinese multi domain war

Doubts had been raised in India about how important world powers would react if India hosted an international conference in Jammu and Kashmir. The answers to such queries were provided recently. India deliberately chose Srinagar to host G20 members who were focusing attention on the promotion of tourism. Srinagar is widely accepted as a tourist haven. Pakistan made all-out efforts to dissuade countries from attending the meeting. China predictably skipped the meeting and was joined by some Islamic countries — Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Indonesia and Turkiye. Indonesia and Saudi Arabia were, however, represented at the Srinagar meeting by their diplomats. Turkiye has been an ardent supporter of Pakistan for decades. It has chosen to remain less than friendly with India. 

Just over a week earlier, the National Security Advisers (NSAs) of India (Ajit Doval) and the US (Jake Sullivan) met in Saudi Arabia along with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman and Sheikh Tahnoon bin Zayed al Nahyan, the NSA of the UAE. 

The US-India exchanges with the UAE and Saudi Arabia will hopefully enhance security, stability and cooperation across India’s oil-rich western neighbourhood. The understanding promoted by the US-India interaction with two oil-rich Arab states should now be carefully integrated with work in the U2I2 grouping comprising the US, the UAE, India and Israel. Stability and peace in a region where an estimated 8.1 million Indians reside, out of whom 3.4 million are based in the UAE, is of  importance to India.

Amidst these developments, the major security challenge that India has to face across its land and maritime frontiers arises from the continuing hostility of the Xi Jinping government. The conflict in Ladakh  commenced in 2020 when China seemed determined to move back to its unilaterally announced 1959 claim line. Beijing did not sufficiently succeed in this effort in the face of strong Indian resistance.

India has responded strongly by resisting Chinese efforts to seize territories in Arunachal Pradesh in the Tawang area. China’s aim is clearly to keep Indian troops deployed in difficult terrain and ice-cold weather in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh. China will soon realise that ‘salami slicing’ of small bits of Indian territory is not going to impact India’s growing relations with the US, Russia and Japan. Nor are they going to influence India’s determination to foster economic and defence ties through groupings such as the Quad and I2U2 across the Indo-Pacific region.

While Bhutan and India are linked by long-standing treaty commitments, China is now seeking to make inroads into Bhutan by negotiating a border agreement. Bhutan, with its long-term economic, cultural and spiritual links, is, however, sensitive to India’s concerns as it proceeds with its talks with China. 

China’s G20 Srinagar game plan was hollow. PoK to Taiwan to Tibet, India can turn the table

Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia will soon realise the drawbacks of aligning with China by boycotting G20 Srinagar meet. 

China remains engrossed in its long-term programme for strategic containment of India. This is a reality that India has to recognise and be prepared for a long haul. India’s response to this long-term reality of challenges that China poses has been gradually picking up momentum. This has involved maintaining good relations with Russia, despite western reservations. 

India is set to face the difficult task of ensuring that differences with China and rivalries between Russia and China on the one hand, and the US and its European allies on the other, do not hamper the success of the G20 Summit it is hosting later this year.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Maratha Navy a versatile multifaceted entity...

Recognizing the strategic importance of naval power,Shivaji Maharaj actively developed and expanded his naval forces to protect his territories and challenge the dominant naval powers of the time, such as the Portuguese, and Siddis.

The Maratha Navy served as the naval branch of the armed forces of the Maratha Swarajya, which held dominion over parts of the Indian subcontinent from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century.

The visionary leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was evident in his creation of a formidable navy and the establishment of naval bases. During this period, the Muslim rulers in the region had largely neglected naval forces, focusing instead on land battles. 

However, with the arrival of the Portuguese and their increasing control over trade along the western coast of India, Shivaji Maharaj recognized the crucial importance of a strong navy. In 1654, the construction of the first Maratha naval vessel commenced near Kalyan.

Countering The Siddi of Janjira 

Siddi of Janjira, also known as Siddi Johar or Siddi Haidar, was an Abyssinian (Ethiopian) pirate who became the powerful naval chief of the Siddi dynasty based in Janjira, a coastal fort located near present-day Maharashtra, India. Siddi Johar was active during the 17th century, particularly during the reign of Shivaji Maharaj.

Siddi employed a combination of naval tactics, piracy, and trade to trouble the people of the Konkan region.The Siddi navy, with its swift and maneuverable ships, conducted frequent raids on coastal towns and villages, capturing vessels, looting trade routes, and demanding protection money from local merchants. They were particularly notorious for their acts of piracy and coastal plundering. 

The people of the Konkan region faced significant challenges due to the constant threat posed by Siddi Johar's naval forces.

Shivaji Maharaj implemented various strategies to confront the Siddi navy. One notable tactic was the establishment of a chain of forts along the Konkan coastline, known as the Jal Durga Forts." These forts acted as a line of defense and provided a base for Maratha naval operations. They played a crucial role in hindering the movements of Siddi Johar's fleet.

Furthermore, Shivaji Maharaj initiated several successful naval expeditions against the Siddi forces. He personally led numerous campaigns, demonstrating his strategic brilliance and naval expertise. One notable encounter was the Battle of Janjira in 1665, where Shivaji Maharaj besieged the formidable Janjira fort. Although the fort remained unconquered, the Marathas inflicted significant damage on the Siddi navy and disrupted their control over the region.

Shivaji Maharaj's navy employed various tactics to combat the Siddi's forces. They conducted naval expeditions, launching surprise attacks on Janjira and other coastal strongholds. The Maratha Navy employed guerrilla tactics, such as hit-and-run raids, to disrupt the Siddi's naval operations. They conducted ambushes, blockades, and naval skirmishes to weaken the Siddi's control over the coastal regions. The Marathas also fortified their own coastal forts and built a network of watchtowers to monitor enemy movements.

Despite facing a formidable opponent in the Siddi of Janjira, Shivaji Maharaj's navy achieved significant success in countering the Siddi's activities. They managed to disrupt the Siddi's naval operations, inflict damage on Janjira, and gradually reduce the threat posed by the Siddi to the people of Konkan.

Weapons used by Shivaji Maharaj's navy 

The weapons used by Shivaji Maharaj's navy were similar to those employed by naval forces of that era. Some of the commonly used weapons included:

Cannons: Cannons were an essential part of naval warfare during that time. They were mounted on the ships and used to fire heavy projectiles at enemy vessels or coastal fortifications.

Muskets and Firearms: Muskets and firearms were used by the naval soldiers for close-quarters combat. These weapons provided an advantage in boarding actions and during naval battles.

Swords and Daggers: Melee weapons like swords and daggers were used for hand-to-hand combat during boarding actions or when ships were engaged in close combat.

Pakistan is suffering the repercussions of its own policy of perpetuating terrorism in India and many other places. These terrorist now a turning against Pakistan.Number of Pakistani security forces have lost their life due to terror attacks. which are these terrorist groups ?what actions they take against the Pakistani security forces?

 Pakistan is suffering the repercussions of its own policy of perpetuating terrorism in India and many other places. These terrorist now a turning against Pakistan.Number of Pakistani security forces have lost their life due to terror attacks. which are these terrorist groups ?what actions they take against the Pakistani security forces?

16175 21101 8160 34008 66479 66479

Pakistan has indeed faced the repercussions of its policies of supporting and sponsoring terrorism in the region. While there are multiple terrorist groups operating within Pakistan, some of the prominent ones that have targeted Pakistani security forces include Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ).

1. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP): TTP is an umbrella organization consisting of various militant groups. It emerged in 2007 and has carried out numerous attacks against Pakistani security forces, government installations, and civilians. TTP's primary objective is to overthrow the Pakistani government and establish its version of Islamic law.

2. Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA): BLA is a separatist militant organization operating in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. It seeks independence for Baluchistan and has targeted Pakistani security forces, infrastructure, and civilians. BLA has been involved in bombings, assassinations, and attacks on security personnel.

3. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ): LeJ is a Sunni extremist group that primarily targets Shia Muslims in Pakistan. It has been responsible for numerous attacks on Pakistani security forces, Shia processions, and places of worship. LeJ seeks to fuel sectarian tensions and promote its extremist ideology.

These terrorist groups employ various tactics against Pakistani security forces, including suicide bombings, ambushes, roadside bombings, and direct armed confrontations. They often target military installations, checkpoints, and convoys. Additionally, these groups have also carried out assassinations of security personnel and officials.

The attacks by these terrorist organizations have resulted in significant casualties among Pakistani security forces, with soldiers and law enforcement personnel losing their lives in the line of duty. The attacks not only pose a threat to the lives of security forces but also undermine the overall security and stability of the country.

To counter these threats, Pakistan has taken measures such as conducting military operations against these groups, enhancing intelligence gathering, and strengthening security measures. Additionally, international cooperation and intelligence sharing have played a crucial role in addressing terrorism-related challenges in the region.

It is essential for Pakistan to continue its efforts to dismantle these terrorist groups, disrupt their networks, and address the root causes of extremism. This includes addressing issues such as radicalization, socioeconomic disparities, and grievances that contribute to the recruitment and support base of these organizations. By adopting a comprehensive approach, Pakistan can work towards combating terrorism effectively and promoting peace and stability in the region.

TERRORISTS ATTACKS IN PAKISTAN AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION-08 JUN 231.Teh...

1. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP): TTP is an umbrella organization consisting of various militant groups. It emerged in 2007 and has carried out numerous attacks against Pakistani security forces, government installations, and civilians. TTP's primary objective is to overthrow the Pakistani government and establish its version of Islamic law.

2. Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA): BLA is a separatist militant organization operating in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. It seeks independence for Baluchistan and has targeted Pakistani security forces, infrastructure, and civilians. BLA has been involved in bombings, assassinations, and attacks on security personnel.

3. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ): LeJ is a Sunni extremist group that primarily targets Shia Muslims in Pakistan. It has been responsible for numerous attacks on Pakistani security forces, Shia processions, and places of worship. LeJ seeks to fuel sectarian tensions and promote its extremist ideology.

These terrorist groups employ various tactics against Pakistani security forces, including suicide bombings, ambushes, roadside bombings, and direct armed confrontations. They often target military installations, checkpoints, and convoys. Additionally, these groups have also carried out assassinations of security personnel and officials.

The attacks by these terrorist organizations have resulted in significant casualties among Pakistani security forces, with soldiers and law enforcement personnel losing their lives in the line of duty. The attacks not only pose a threat to the lives of security forces but also undermine the overall security and stability of the country.

To counter these threats, Pakistan has taken measures such as conducting military operations against these groups, enhancing intelligence gathering, and strengthening security measures. Additionally, international cooperation and intelligence sharing have played a crucial role in addressing terrorism-related challenges in the region.

It is essential for Pakistan to continue its efforts to dismantle these terrorist groups, disrupt their networks, and address the root causes of extremism. This includes addressing issues such as radicalization, socioeconomic disparities, and grievances that contribute to the recruitment and support base of these organizations. By adopting a comprehensive approach, Pakistan can work towards combating terrorism effectively and promoting peace and stability in the region.

Human rights violations by Pakistani security forces have been reported in various regions, including Baluchistan, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province), and other areas. The violations encompass a range of abuses, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, torture, arbitrary detentions, and restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly.

In Baluchistan, there have been numerous allegations of human rights abuses committed by the Pakistani army and intelligence agencies. These include targeted killings and enforced disappearances of activists, journalists, and political dissenters. Baloch nationalists and human rights organizations have raised concerns about the excessive use of force during military operations, resulting in civilian casualties, and the destruction of property.

Similarly, in Sindh, there have been documented cases of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings, particularly targeting activists advocating for the rights of ethnic Sindhis. The security forces have been accused of engaging in a pattern of intimidation, torture, and harassment against Sindhi political leaders and human rights defenders.

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, there have been reports of extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture by security forces in the name of counterterrorism operations. Innocent civilians have been caught in the crossfire, and the lack of transparency and accountability has fueled grievances among the local population.

example on dedication at work from Indian military history:example on Quality of work from the Indian military history

 Here's an example on dedication at work from Indian military history:

During the Kargil War of 1999 between India and Pakistan, one of the most difficult and critical battles took place at the Tiger Hill peak in the Dras sector of Jammu and Kashmir. 

Finally, after several days of intense fighting, the Ghatak soldiers reached the summit of Tiger Hill and successfully recaptured it from the Pakistani army. Their bravery and dedication had played a crucial role in the Indian army's victory at Tiger Hill, and they became celebrated heroes in India for their valor.

This example from Indian military history shows the importance of dedication and commitment in achieving success, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges. The Ghatak soldiers' unwavering determination and courage enabled them to accomplish what many thought was impossible, and they earned the respect and admiration of their fellow soldiers and the Indian people as a result

9.Give a example on Quality of work from the Indian military history

During the Battle of Longewala in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Indian army's 23rd Battalion, Punjab Regiment, found themselves vastly outnumbered by the Pakistani army's 51st Infantry Brigade. Despite being vastly outnumbered and outgunned, the Indian soldiers decided to stand their ground and fight.

The Battle of Longewala is widely regarded as one of the greatest military victories in Indian history, and it is a testament to the quality of work of the Indian soldiers involved. Despite being vastly outnumbered and outgunned, they were able to use their limited resources to great effect, demonstrating incredible courage, determination, and skill in battle

10.Here are some examples of motivated soldiers from Indian military history:

The Battle of Haji Pir Pass: During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, Indian soldiers led by Major Ranjit Singh Dayal faced off against a much larger Pakistani force at Haji Pir Pass in Kashmir. Despite being vastly outnumbered, the Indian soldiers fought with incredible determination and skill, eventually forcing the Pakistani army to withdraw.

The Kargil War:

The Siachen Conflict: Overall, these examples from Indian military history show how motivated soldiers can achieve incredible things, even in the face of tremendous adversity. Their deep sense of duty, commitment, and pride in their work drives them to overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges and achieve great success on the battlefield

Give examples on use of technology in the Indian armed forces and its impact on improving the national security of India

11.India's armed forces have made significant advancements in the use of technology to improve national security. Here are some examples:

• Integrated Battle Management System (IBMS): 

• BrahMos Missile:.

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): 

• Electronic Warfare Systems

Precision is important qualities in any organisation, what exactly it means and how should this qualities be taught to the Employees?

 

Here are a few quotes about precision and its importance in the corporate world:

• "Precision is not just a value in itself, it's the catalyst for excellence." - 

• "In the corporate world, precision is key. A single error can have a significant impact on the company's success or failure." 

• "Precision is the key to success in any endeavor, especially in the corporate world where even the slightest mistake can have significant consequences." 

• "In business, precision is everything. From the accuracy of financial reports to the quality of the products and services we offer, precision is what sets us apart from the competition." - 

• "Precision is not just about getting things right, it's about doing things in the best way possible. It's about striving for excellence in everything we do." - N. R. Narayana Murthy

• "In the corporate world, precision is the difference between success and failure." - Indra Nooyi

• "Precision is the foundation of success in the corporate world. Attention to detail is what sets successful companies apart from the rest." 

• "Precision is essential in the corporate world. It's what enables us to deliver quality products and services to our customers and clients." 

• "In business, precision is everything. It's the key to success and the foundation of excellence." 

• "Precision is not an option in the corporate world, it's a necessity. It's what allows us to achieve our goals and meet our objectives." -

4.Quality of work is very important in any organisation. How should this be taught to the Employees?

Quality of work is crucial for the success of any organization. High-quality work ensures customer satisfaction, builds trust, and leads to repeat business. Teaching employees the importance of producing quality work is essential to the growth and longevity of any organization. In this essay, we will discuss how quality of work can be taught to employees.

• Define quality: Start by defining what quality means for the organization. This could include customer satisfaction, timely delivery, accuracy, attention to detail, and meeting or exceeding industry standards. By clearly defining quality, employees have a better understanding of what is expected of them.

• Provide training: Training can be provided through workshops, seminars, or online courses.

• Set clear expectations:

• Provide feedback.

• Celebrate success: encourages employees to continue to strive for excellence.

• Lead by example

5.Here are a few quotes on the importance of quality of work:

• "Quality means doing it right when no one is looking." - Henry Ford

• "The bitterness of poor quality remains long after the sweetness of low price is forgotten." - Benjamin Franklin

• "Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction, and skillful execution; it represents the wise choice of many alternatives." 

• "The quality of your work, in the long run, is the deciding factor on how much your services are valued by the world." - 

• "Quality is not an act, it is a habit." - Aristotle

• "The quality of a person's life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence, regardless of their chosen field of endeavor." 

• "There is no substitute for hard work and quality work." - 

• "Quality is more important than quantity. One home run is much better than two doubles." - 

• "Quality is not what happens when what you do matches your intentions. It is what happens when what you do matches your customers' expectations." - 

• "Quality is not just a slogan. It's a commitment to excellence in everything we do." - 

6.Precision is important qualities in any organisation, what exactly it means and how should this quality be taught to the Employees?

Precision is the quality of being accurate, exact, and careful in one's work. It involves attention to detail, a commitment to getting things right, and a focus on quality over quantity. In the corporate world, precision is essential for success because it helps ensure that products and services are of high quality, that financial reports are accurate, and that deadlines are met.

Organizations can implement the following strategies:

• Clearly communicate expectations: Employees need to know what is expected of them and what level of precision is required. This can be achieved through clear job descriptions, performance metrics, and regular feedback.

• Provide training:

• Encourage a culture of precision

• Use technology: 

• Lead by example: 

Manipur Crisis: A Complex Threat – II: Home Minister’s Visit & Beyond Maj Gen NITIN P GADKARI-JUN 7

The situation in Manipur is tense. The Home minister’s visit seemed to have some effect. But it is too early to make a statement. The last two articles on Manipur gave the origins and the reasons for the crisis. Both were well received, as Manipur is the burning subject everyone wishes to know. This third piece does some analysis and a bit of crystal ball gazing in light of the Home Minister’s visit. I hope you find it useful. Thank You.

Manipur Crisis: A Complex Threat – II-Home Minister’s Visit & Beyond

The Indian Home Minister, Shri Amit Shah, visited Manipur’s troubled state from 29 May till 01 June 23. The long-awaited visit by a central minister was late in coming. Nevertheless, it was not short on expectations and hope. This is the longest time any Home Minister has visited an Indian state. Four days this time, and he has promised to return in 15 days, allowing time to implement his directions. The duration indicates the seriousness with which the central government now wants to deal with the problem. In the article on the same subject, which came out on 31 May in the IDR online issue, the Origins of the Problem and the security and drugs angle were covered in detail. This piece is more about crystal ball glazing: what is likely to happen in future, including measures to be taken for the situation to make a reversal.

One month and counting, the violence in Manipur has not ceased. Every day a new case of violence comes up. To expect that life would get back to normal in a hurry because the home minister visited the state would be a gross misunderstanding of the situation. Things would take a long time to get to normal as and when they do, provided steps are taken in earnest and in time. The pessimism flows from reality on the ground. The month-long clashes have left a deep divide in Manipur. Unknown and only scantily reported by the mainstream media, there has been a population shift and ethnic cleansing which has occurred in the state of Manipur. The Imphal valley is cleansed of any Kukis and Nagas, especially Kukis. All, including the police personnel of Kuki and Naga origins, have left the valley on some pretext and found safe places in the hill areas. Similarly, the Meitei from the hills have all come down to the valley. In the first two weeks, gangs of Meteis and Kukis were hunting each other in mobs and killing if any rival group member was found. The NH2, a highway which connects Dimapur (Nagaland) to Kohima, wore a deserted look because, in Kangpokpi, which is a border district North of Manipur, Kuki gangs were intercepting all vehicles and lynching any Meitei found on board. That is why this national highway is blocked. The population migration is so severe that it is like a modern times ‘Partition’. The Meitei have become sworn enemies of the other ethnic groups. It is hard to bridge such a deep divide in a short time. The Home Minister must be well aware of this reality and hence come to prevent the situation from falling into an abyss. He has taken many forward-thinking steps. This article examines the measures announced by the home minister and then analyses their implementation.

Home Minister’s Visit

The home minister took five major initiatives to restore peace and normalcy in the state. These were: Restoration of Law & Order in the state, Expedite relief measures, Compensation for families of those killed, Restoring communication, and Counter rumour mongering. These metamorphosed into:

Nine Steps Forward

· A one-member judicial commission led by a retired High Court Judge has been set up to probe into the causes of the recent violence and find the culprits responsible.

· 10 Lakh INR to be paid to the families via DBT (Direct bank Transfer) of those who have lost their lives in the recent violence. For the injured, the state government will announce the package.

· Under the chairmanship of the governor of Manipur, a peace committee has been set up. The members of this committee will be from all walks of life and all communities.

· For better coordination of security agencies in the state, the DG-CRPF (Director General- Central Reserve Police Force) and the state security advisor Kuldip Singh has been given the responsibility for overseeing an Interagency Unified Command.

· CBI will investigate Six selected cases of violence out of the cases registered in FIRs (First Information Report)

· 10 km of Indo-Myanmar border fencing is complete. Tenders for the balance of 80 km will follow shortly. A biometric scan of every foreigner entering India will be data-based to trace miscreants.

· Provisioning 30000 metric tonnes of rice for Manipur in the next two months. Provision for diesel and petrol will be available for people through 15 petrol pumps which would function 24X7. Supply of essential Medicines will be available and can be accessed through medical relief camps.

· Plans for online courts and student competitive exams are being worked out.

· A helicopter service from Moreh, Churachandpur, and Kangpoki would be free for people to enter the Imphal airport.

The home minister met with the representatives of all the affected parties. The Kukis, Nagas, the opposition parties, the members of the security forces, women groups and prominent citizens. He has heard every angle and visited all the troubled spots, such as Churachandpur, Kangpokpi, and Moreh. His initiatives stated above have emerged from these meetings and discussions held.

Important to note; he has not backed the demand for abrogation of the SoO agreement of the state government. Instead, he has appealed to all groups to surrender the looted arms from the police constabulary. On two separate occasions, approx 4000 weapons were looted by rioters. Estimates of recovery suggest recovery of only 18% of arms to date. The SoO (Suspension of Operations) is an old provision signed by the Manmohan Singh government in 2008 with 32 Kuki insurgent groups. Later it became a tripartite agreement when the state government also signed it. As per the agreement, an understanding was reached between the security forces and the insurgent groups that they would cease operations against each other. The insurgent would deposit their arms in a locked-up place with keys held by both the parties (Police and the Insurgent Groups). However, the agreement had a life of only a year and needed an annual renewal. This year in March, N Biren Singh’s government in Manipur unilaterally walked out of this agreement, starting a chain reaction which gained critical mass and exploded on 03 May 23. The situation on the ground has thus got complicated. While the police could fire at the Kukis or other insurgent groups as they are no longer part of the agreement, the paramilitary force, Assam Rifles and the Army are constrained to fire at them due to the SoO agreement unless they are the targets. This ambiguity has led to situations where the army and the Assam Rifles have been accused of not actively pursuing the Kuki Militants attacking the Meitei villages.

Consequences of the Visit

It is too early to judge if the Home Minister’s initiatives are bearing fruits. Also, to what extent are they implementable? There is no denying that the measure suggested is positive and would yield results if implemented in letter and spirit. Also, a new DGP is named: Mr Rajiv Singh. An officer of the Tripura cadre, he was DGP Tripura and now moved and given the charge of Manipur. The home minister has made it clear to the ten Hill Council MLAs who were demanding a separate state of the Hill Areas that the integrity of Manipur would not be compromised. Hence, do not pursue it.

Would the a/m nine steps solve the problem? ‘Optimistic’ would be the word that would come to mind. The state government and the committees must work with the leaders who call the shots. Their first priority would be bringing normalcy back to Manipur and sustaining it. Two questions need answers at this stage: Who benefits from the violence, and what is the desired end state? And second: what measures to take to fill the trust deficit?

Tackling the first one first; who benefits from the violence? It is hard to pinpoint individuals, but they can be shortlisted as a class. First are the people who do not want the rule of law to prevail in the state, so they benefit from the chaos. Most of this class are the Leaders of Insurgent groups, Drug cartel bosses, and Political leaders who want power to themselves. They unleash the miscreants to do their bidding by resorting to violence and sacrificing peace and innocent citizens on the altar. The second question which flows from this is, what is the end state desired? Is it separation from India, is it more money, or is it more power? From analysing the Manipur conundrum, the desired end state could be a mix of more power and money. The power is now concentrated in the hands of the state government, seen as a Meitei government. Many Tribal groups want that power to be shared by seeking something for themselves. Making independent Hill Area councils is one such measure. Some may demand a separate state or an autonomous region. These demands were presented to the home minister this time, as also many times earlier. The demand for separation or autonomy is not linked with better governance and winding up corruption, for that would continue. It is because an autonomous status allows the direct flow of funds from Delhi to their coffers and not routed via Imphal. It is the second link of the ‘Power and Money’ equation.

The Indian government is wise to understand the nefarious desires of these parties and hence unlikely to give in to the demands for autonomy. Yet, reorganising the hill areas and giving them more powers within the state’s constitution is a distinct possibility. Also, the conduct of fresh elections and allowing new aspirants to run the hill councils would be foremost on the home minister’s mind. The menace of poppy cultivation is at the root of this problem. To stop it and find another source of cash crops for the hill farmers would be a precondition for any fresh initiative.

One suspects that the home minister’s visit is not the end of such initiatives but only the beginning. Since the writ of the state government has weakened in the wake of the riots, it would be up to the security forces and peace committees to bring normalcy through the measures announced by the home minister. The next visit of the home minister can then be followed up by a new set of initiatives like the one suggested in the para above. The peace committee and the latest security set-up must ensure an end to destruction and violence. Only then the Sadbhavna operations can be launched. That is making the various ethnic groups trust each other and get back to the status quo ante. The second stage is tough to achieve and requires management of the highest order.

Way Out of the Mess

All concerned parties, including the central government, understand the complexity of the issue at hand which they are dealing with in Manipur. The saving grace in this crisis has been the patience and courage of many sensible citizens cutting across ethnic lines. There are instances of Kuki women sheltering Meitei women folk from armed gangs in Churachandpur, and the next day Meitei women saving Kuki women at Manipur University. The fine example of former world boxing champion: Sarita Devi sheltering Kuki boys in the boxing training academy is noteworthy. Also, the Naga groups’ passivity in Nagaland and north Manipur has been a blessing. To imagine, Manipur burning at both ends would be a national emergency. The Meitei’s armed gangs did not target Naga s in the current violence. Security forces safely escorted Most of them out of the valley to their respective villages. Learning from this experience, the use of good books of Nagaland and their leaders could be starting point to rein in the militant elements of the Kuki organisations. Down south, too, Mizoram bravely accepted Kukis fleeing Manipur and gave them shelter without raising a red flag. Their good books could be used too to rein in Kuki hostile groups. The central government is better positioned to achieve this than the state government. The North East council, which has in its fold all the CMs of the eight states in North East (Seven Sisters plus Sikkim), also could be a body to discuss and bring warring factions together. The above-mentioned bodies can help normalise the situation, for which bringing down violence and sustaining peace is mandatory.

The government of India has to look for a long-term solution to these ethnic differences in the North Eastern states. They have surfaced in Manipur and might surface in another state like Nagaland or Mizoram tomorrow. A sure way to create a long-term permanent solution is to intertwine the economies of the hill people and the valley of Manipur. If one community is affected, the other community cannot escape its consequences. Interlinking economic spheres is essential. For, e.g. the Kuki s and Naga tribal leaders, by tradition, have the right to donate land to their people or outsiders within their domain. This factor resulted in a proliferation of new settlements and farming areas in the Hill Areas. Should the state government have taken the initiative and announced certain benefits such as subsidised electricity or free telephone landline services to settlements beyond a population figure of a certain number which is substantial and large, it would incentivise the tribal chiefs to accommodate more in one settlement to reach that magic figure. This example is hypothetical, and more thought needs to be given to the economic aspects of such initiatives. The point is to create economic incentives to solve complex ethnic problems. The central government can help, but the execution has to be the baby of the state governments, and hence choosing capable leaders is an essential need for the Northeast.

The home minister’s visit is an effort to douse the fire and bridge the broken relationships. The state’s future is at stake, not allowing it to fall into the hands of elements who benefit from a common man’s loss. The incentive for the evil side is substantial; if they win, they become the kings of a disturbed state with more money and power. But an ordinary citizen of Manipur will lose his peace and his life. The conflict is not about religion. It is about exploiting differences between people. It does not matter what they are. Any difference would do if it could cause a disturbance. Every peace-loving Manipuri in the majority must understand and stop his brethren from being exploited on both sides of the divide. But charity must begin at home. It’s for the BJP chief minister to show if his last election victory was any consequence for the people of Manipur or if it was only a ploy in the large power politics of the country

Shivaji Maharaj has been compared by Europeans with great war leaders. Portuguese viceroy-compared him with Ceaser, Alexander, the British compared with Hannibal

https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/7/Shivaji-Maharaj-Strategist.html Few important aspects are covered in Part 2 of my article.

Brief History of Marathas.

Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry,Artillery,

Maratha Weapons

Growth of Shivaji Maharaj Army,

Shivaji’s Army administration

Forts As Impregnable Defences 

Brief History of Marathas

Marathas were Sub sect of Hindu community ,stout fighters of Chalukya king in 7th century c.e . Maratha dynasties of ancient pre Muslim period were Chalukyas (500 c.e. to 750c.e.), Rashtrakutas (750 c.e. to 978 c.e. Yadavas or Jadhavs (1175 c.e. to 1318 c.e.). Marathas first clash with Muslims came in 1314 c.e under Ramdev Rai Yadav ruler Devagiri(Daulatabad) lost to invaders and became mercenaries of Muslim overlords.

Prior to Shivaji Maharaj ,Marathas were mercenaries and revenue collectors of Muslim rulers with shifting loyalty. Shivaji Maharaj under influence of his mother from the Yadav clan became first Hindu to openly revolt and defy Muslim rule .Shivaji Maharaj defied Adilshah rulers of Bijapur and Mughul ruler Auranzeb by capturing number of forts using stealth and guerrilla tactics. After large number of skirmishes ,gurreila warfare ,victories ,treaties and , escapes ,Shivaji Maharaj was crowned king of Marathas on 6th of june 1674.

 Organization Shivaji Maharaj Cavalry, Infantry, Artillery 

25 horsemen were commanded by Havaldar.5 Havaldars came under Jumledar.10 Jumledar came under a Hazari. 5 Hazari came under Pach Hazari. 5 Panch Hazari came under Sarnaubat.

Infantry also was similarly organized.10 soldiers were commanded by Naik, 5 Naiks under Havaldar & similar organization as in cavalry thereafter.

The army was well organized- planning was done minutely, could form various battle formations,was flexible, plans were executed audaciously. Units were permanent, and had better team work, 

As the warfare was of extreme mobility, artillery was not considered as an important arm.Also Marathas lacked the facilities for the production of artillery. Principal source of equipment remained European settlements, especially the French. The French had supplied Shivaji Maharaj with 88 guns ,3000 mound of ammunition . The British also have had supplied him with some guns. 

Weapons used by his Army were mostly made locally but there are reports of some highly skillful local blacksmiths being used to manufacture higher quality of arms.

Maratha Weapons

The terrain also made them use light weaponary .Ofcourse, with an increase in their military power, their gureilla style often made way certain amount of sophistication in their weaponry.

 Some of the weapons traditionally used by the Marathas were the variants of swords like the talwaar, the firangi, the khandaa, the paataa .

Variety of daggers like the kataar, the shamsher,the jaambiya .

the bhaalaa (spear), dhanushya baan (bow and arrows), kurhaad( battle axe), parshu (axe variant), gadaa / gurz (mace) or unique weapons like the waagh nakh (tiger claws). 

Weapons modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art

 These weapons were made as per the designs borrowed from the Rajputs, the Mughals,the Persians,the Afghans and the Europeans. But were often modified to suit the Maratha style of martial art. 

Lohar Khana to manufacture weapons was established in Pune under Bhima Lohar whose outstanding manufacturing skills were recognised by Shivaji Maharaj.

https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2023/6/7/Shivaji-Maharaj-Strategist.html