Aatmanirbhar Bharat and the Inauguration of the Tata Aircraft Complex

 A Bold Step Towards Self-Reliance in Defence 

The inauguration of the Tata Aircraft Complex marks a significant step for India’s vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat, or self-reliance, particularly in the defence sector. This new facility, a collaboration between Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and Airbus, positions India as a capable producer of critical defence technology, reducing dependence on foreign manufacturers. Of the 56 C295 military transport aircraft ordered for the Indian Air Force, 16 will be imported from Airbus in Spain, while the remaining 40 will be domestically produced in India at this complex in Hyderabad.

Strengthening Self-Reliance: A Vision Realized The Tata Aircraft Complex embodies Prime Minister Modi’s vision for a self-reliant India, aligning with his government’s goal of reducing foreign dependency for national defence needs. The initiative showcases India's commitment to strengthening its local manufacturing capabilities and becoming a major player in the global defence market.

Key Achievements in India's Defence Self-Sufficiency

Increased Defence Budget and Production Capabilities India’s defence budget has grown significantly, from ₹3 lakh crore in 2013-14 to ₹5.93 lakh crore in 2023-24. This increase in funding supports the development of advanced military equipment and has propelled the country’s defence production output to a historic high of ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023-24, up from ₹40,000 crore in 2013-14.

Surge in Defence Exports India's defence exports have grown exponentially, from ₹686 crore in 2013-14 to ₹21,083 crore in 2023-24. Indian-made military products are now supplied to over 100 countries, underscoring their reliability and quality. These exports range from essential items like helmets and bulletproof jackets to sophisticated systems like the BrahMos missile.

Reduction in Import Dependence India has achieved substantial progress in reducing its reliance on imported defence equipment. Foreign procurement’s share of defence spending dropped from 46% in 2018-19 to 36.7% by the end of 2022, a trend expected to continue with increased local production.

Policy Reforms Supporting Indigenisation

Enhanced Indigenous Content in Procurement The Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 mandates 50% indigenous content in procurement contracts, encouraging international defence companies to set up production facilities within India. The Ministry of Defence has further supported this indigenisation with its fifth Positive Indigenisation List, exclusively reserving 346 items for procurement from Indian sources. Over 12,300 items have been indigenised, facilitated by the Srijan Indigenisation Portal to connect local suppliers with defence requirements.

Infrastructure Development and Strategic Partnerships

Establishing Defence Industrial Corridors India has established two key defence industrial corridors in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, attracting ₹7,000 crore in investments. These corridors foster local defence production, focusing on manufacturing in aerospace and naval systems.

Strategic Collaborations with Global Partners The C295 manufacturing partnership with Spain and Tata Advanced Systems is a landmark collaboration, exemplifying high-impact international partnerships. Other collaborations include ventures with Lockheed Martin for the C-130J Super Hercules airframes, a joint project with Russia for AK-203 rifles, and Safran’s MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) facility. Additionally, Saab has set up production of Carl Gustaf M4 rocket systems, illustrating foreign investment in India’s defence industry.

Advances in Naval and Air Platforms India has bolstered its naval and aviation capabilities with projects like the INS Vikrant, the largest aircraft carrier built in India, and Asia’s largest helicopter manufacturing facility in Tumakuru, which drives advancements in aviation technology.

Supporting Startups and MSMEs in Defence

Empowering Small Businesses and Startups The government has allocated ₹1,500 crore from the 2024 defence budget to support startups and MSMEs, which now number around 8,000 in the defence sector. Plans are in place to double this figure in the coming years, reflecting the strategic importance of small enterprises.

iDEX Program: Fueling Innovation in Defence Under the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) initiative, over 400 startups and MSMEs are developing innovative solutions for defence needs. To date, iDEX has facilitated the indigenisation of 35 items valued at ₹2,000 crore, showcasing the vital role of young entrepreneurs in shaping India’s defence landscape.

India’s Future as a Global Defence Powerhouse

The inauguration of the Tata Aircraft Complex for C295 production represents more than an assembly milestone; it underscores India’s emergence as a defence powerhouse. From building Asia’s largest helicopter facility to supporting local startups and advancing naval platforms, India’s defence sector is a model of self-sustaining growth. With the capability to export to over 100 countries, establish robust partnerships, and achieve record-breaking local production, India is steadily rising as a formidable player on the global stage

BOOK REVIEW--Operation Condor: The Dark Chapter of State-Sponsored Assassination in Latin America

An Overview of Operation Condor and J. Patrice McSherry’s Analysis
In her pivotal work Predatory States, J. Patrice McSherry explores Operation Condor, a covert network uniting repressive military regimes in Latin America during the Cold War, with significant influence from the United States. Operation Condor remains one of the most critical examples in the study of state-sponsored assassination. While numerous books cover this topic, McSherry’s work stands out for its early contribution and extensive use of archival material. Her analysis raises key questions about the degree of U.S. responsibility in Condor’s operations, carefully examining the role of American support without explicitly assigning blame. Although the primary drivers were Latin American dictatorships—led notably by Pinochet’s Chile and Argentina—the United States was a powerful regional influence, making McSherry’s nuanced discussion of state responsibility both essential and timely.

U.S. Support for Repression: Ideological Backing and Logistical Assistance
From the 1950s onward, the U.S. supported the shift of Latin American militaries’ focus from external threats to internal repression, embedding itself in the political dynamics of the region. McSherry details the logistical support provided by the United States, including technology transfers, arms sales, intelligence sharing, and training for military personnel involved in Condor operations. U.S. personnel were reportedly directly involved in abductions and interrogations, and Condor communications even routed through American facilities in Panama, creating an infrastructure that could have been terminated but was instead maintained. Such actions underline the extent of American engagement, despite opportunities to disengage or limit support for Condor’s violent objectives.

U.S. Tolerance and Reluctance to Condemn Human Rights Violations
McSherry also highlights a concerning pattern of American tolerance for Condor’s human rights abuses. When Condor assassinated Orlando Letelier, a former minister under Chilean President Salvador Allende, in Washington, D.C., the U.S. government refrained from strong measures against Condor-affiliated nations. High-level officials like Secretary of State Henry Kissinger often ignored warnings from U.S. ambassadors urging greater human rights advocacy. This reluctance to hold Latin American allies accountable reflects a broader tolerance of abuses, as long as they aligned with anti-communist objectives.

Ethical Dilemmas in Foreign Policy: Is Government Morality Real?

Competing Views Within the U.S. Government
Addressing the ethical question, McSherry’s analysis suggests that government morality in foreign policy is complex, with positions that vary widely among officials. Investigative journalist John Dinges, who has extensively covered Condor, describes a system of mixed signals within the U.S. government, where some officials quietly approved (a “green light”) while others opposed (a “red light”) severe human rights abuses, including torture, disappearances, and assassinations. The impact of these mixed messages often depended on the authority level: those in power selectively received guidance, giving precedence to higher-level endorsements over objections from lower-level ambassadors or diplomats.

Conclusion: Balancing Morality and Realpolitik
McSherry’s work does not entirely dismiss the presence of morality in government policy but points to a challenging reality—foreign policy often involves ethical compromises, where power dynamics, national interests, and ideological alignment take precedence over moral concerns. Operation Condor exemplifies this tension, revealing how selective morality has shaped global relations, influenced covert operations, and complicated the accountability of state actors in international affairs.

Understanding State-Sponsored Assassinations: Why It Matters

 

The Academic Perspective: Growing Incidences and Widespread Accusations
Understanding the phenomenon of state-sponsored assassinations has gained importance, particularly due to recent global accusations among nations. For instance, Canada and the United States recently accused India of engaging in such actions, and the U.S. released photos suggesting an Iranian plot against former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. These cases surface in news cycles regularly, yet the commentary often portrays state-sponsored assassinations as rare, primarily associated with rogue or non-democratic states. This perception, however, fails to account for the broader historical reality. Since the Cold War, both democratic and authoritarian states, Western and non-Western alike, have engaged in such practices, citing various justifications rooted in historical, political, and legal precedents. This misconception highlights the need to analyze the underlying motives and methods beyond superficial assumptions.

The Practical Perspective: Limited Consequences and Persistent Disinformation
On a practical level, the global response to state-sponsored assassinations is frequently characterized by disbelief and misinformation. Typically, nations prioritize diplomatic, strategic, political, or financial interests over penalizing perpetrators of assassinations. Human rights concerns often become secondary considerations, surfacing primarily when cases garner extensive public scrutiny or display egregious recklessness. For example, while Russia has conducted multiple assassinations in the UK, significant sanctions only emerged following the brazen poisoning of Sergei Skripal, though even these were not as severe as the penalties imposed after the Ukraine conflict began. Similarly, despite Rwanda's involvement in extraterritorial assassinations, Western nations, particularly the United States, France, and Britain, maintain favorable relations with Rwanda for strategic reasons, often avoiding confrontations on human rights abuses. Saudi Arabia, too, faced limited repercussions after the high-profile murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Such cases reveal the hesitancy of many governments to address or condemn these actions fully.

The Prevalence of Assassinations and the Process of Inter-State Learning

Widespread Practice Among Nations
State-sponsored assassinations are, indeed, more common than often assumed. There exists a learning process among states, formal and informal, whereby nations observe and adopt the assassination strategies and operational structures of others. Historically, countries with a reputation for covert operations and counterinsurgency have shared their expertise formally with other states. For example, French officials who served in Algeria trained counterparts in Latin America. Similarly, the United States trained Latin American forces during the 1960s to 1980s through the well-known 'School of the Americas,' effectively transferring knowledge on covert practices.

Adoption of Practices Through Informal Channels
Beyond formal training, intelligence agencies worldwide informally study the operational tactics of states like Russia, the U.S., and Israel, adopting similar methods and institutional structures. In some cases, states justify their actions by aligning them with those of Western countries. For example, leaders may argue that if the United States or Israel conducts assassinations in the name of counterterrorism, other nations facing similar strategic situations are justified in doing the same. This emulation sometimes extends to the use of similar terminology; for instance, various states now justify such killings by labeling them as counter-terrorist actions, mirroring the rhetoric used by the U.S. and Israel for their targeted killings.

Conclusion: The Broader Implications of State-Sponsored Assassinations

Understanding state-sponsored assassinations in both historical and contemporary contexts reveals a complex web of political calculations, strategic alignments, and evolving practices. Far from being an aberration associated with a few states, these practices have woven themselves into the geopolitical fabric, adopted and justified by a broad spectrum of nations. This reality urges a reevaluation of state accountability and international norms, highlighting the importance of informed discourse and policy responses to address the ethical and legal ramifications of state-sponsored assassinations.

Happy Infantry Day to the Indian Army!

Greetings and best wishes to all  infantry brethren on this remarkable occasion. Today, we honor and salute the  sacrifices, commitment, and the honor of safeguarding every inch of our nation’s soil.

Brief History of Infantry Day

Infantry Day, observed on October 27, commemorates the valiant efforts of the Indian Infantry during a crucial turning point in India’s history. On this day in 1947, just after India gained independence, the 1st Battalion of the Sikh Regiment was airlifted to Srinagar to thwart an invasion by Pakistani raiders in Jammu and Kashmir. This swift and strategic deployment marked the first time Indian troops engaged in an operation to protect Indian territory after independence. Their courageous stand in the face of overwhelming odds secured the Srinagar airfield and paved the way for further Indian Army operations to push back the invaders.

This day is a tribute to the grit and resilience of India’s Infantrymen, who are always at the forefront of action. Their sacrifice and bravery serve as the bedrock of the Indian Army’s strength, safeguarding the nation in peace and wartime alike. The Infantry, known as the “Queen of the Battle,” continues to play a pivotal role in maintaining India’s territorial integrity.

On this special day, heartfelt gratitude and admiration to every Infantry man for unyielding dedication

Bomb Hoax Crisis: 150 Flights Receive Bomb Threats; Airlines Face Rs 600 Crore Loss in 9 Day

Scale of Disruptions

Within just 24 hours, approximately 80 flights faced bomb threats, severely disrupting airline operations and causing major delays for passengers. Although these threats were ultimately determined to be false, the resulting disruption has led to an estimated Rs 600 crore loss for airlines, as reported by former airline officials.

Tuesday's Surge in Bomb Threats

On a particularly chaotic Tuesday, about 50 flights from multiple airlines received bomb threats. These included 13 flights each from IndiGo and Air India, 12 flights from Akasa Air, and 11 from Vistara. The previous night, nearly 30 more flights had also faced similar threats, primarily communicated through social media.

Rising Costs of Threat-Induced Disruptions

Over a nine-day period, more than 170 flights received bomb threats, with several international flights even being diverted. On average, a domestic flight disruption costs around Rs 1.5 crore, while the expense rises to Rs 5-5.5 crore for international flights, according to a former airline finance official. Based on this estimate, the overall loss due to these 170 flight disruptions totals around Rs 600 crore. Costs vary based on aircraft size and route duration, with wide-body planes incurring higher operational costs.

Airline Responses and Safety Protocols

In response to the crisis, airlines issued statements emphasizing their adherence to strict safety protocols. IndiGo, for instance, reported security alerts for 13 flights, including routes from Bengaluru to Lucknow, Mumbai to Istanbul, and Goa to Ahmedabad. Akasa Air and Vistara also confirmed receiving security threats for certain flights but did not specify exact numbers. Similarly, Air India highlighted its compliance with all mandated security procedures following threats on social media.

Strengthening Security Measures and Legal Actions

Authorities have enhanced the Bomb Threat Assessment Committee (BTAC) protocols to counter the wave of internet-based threats effectively. The government is also proposing legislative amendments to The Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act (SUASCA), 1982. These changes would allow authorities to arrest and investigate perpetrators of bomb threats without a court order, even when the aircraft is grounded. Additionally, stringent punishments, including placing offenders on the no-fly list, are under consideration.

Future Steps to Combat Hoaxes

As bomb hoax calls continue to destabilize the airline industry, these planned reforms signal the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and smooth operation of air travel in India. With stricter laws and potential penalties on the horizon, authorities aim to create a deterrent against such disruptive activities, protecting both passengers and the airline industry from further financial and operational harm.

Is Five Eyes Threatening India’s Rise as a Non-White Global Power?

 

The concept of destabilizing non-white powers has deep roots, stretching back to the Cold War era.

The India-Canada-US Geopolitical Dispute: A Case in Point
The recent tensions between India, Canada, and the United States over alleged extraterritorial killings have stirred up varied perspectives. Some argue that India lacks the capability for clandestine operations like those associated with Israel’s Mossad, while others outright deny India’s involvement in such assassinations. Another narrative suggests that Western powers, specifically the Five Eyes intelligence alliance, are using these accusations to hinder India’s emergence as a non-white, non-Anglo-Saxon global power. This theory posits that, despite convergences in strategic, political, and economic interests, Western intelligence continues to conspire against India.

The Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance and its Operations
The Five Eyes—comprising the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand—form a unique intelligence-sharing network that has dominated Western intelligence circles. Many speculate that Canada’s accusations against India were based on intelligence from this alliance, given the Five Eyes' covert nature. The Five Eyes even have a history of surveillance on each other, bypassing domestic laws through shared intelligence to avoid direct legal violations.

A Shifting Focus in International Espionage
Some argue that the Five Eyes alliance is fixated on preventing India’s rise, as seen in their alignment with Canada during the recent controversy. India’s approach to these accusations has been diplomatic, demonstrated by cooperation with the US on the matter of Sikh separatist Gurpatwant Singh Pannu. However, Canada’s approach under Prime Minister Trudeau has led to a diplomatic freeze between the two nations. Meanwhile, India continues to build robust ties with the US, UK, and Australia, engaging with them in strategic dialogues despite occasional policy differences.

Is India an Ally or Adversary in Five Eyes Strategy?
The notion of the Five Eyes as a tool against India may seem exaggerated. Declassified reports from the Trump era reveal that expanding intelligence cooperation to include Japan, India, and South Korea was proposed to counterbalance China. Although full membership for India in Five Eyes was not pursued, a “Five Eyes Plus” format has been advocated for strategic reasons.

During the Cold War, the alliance focused on the Soviet Union, but as US interests shifted towards the Indo-Pacific, China has become a primary target of Five Eyes intelligence operations. This aligns with India’s own concerns over Chinese activities, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), where India faces direct challenges.

The Depth of Soviet Intelligence in India
Among foreign intelligence operations in India, Soviet infiltration was particularly extensive. KGB informants and undercover agents operated within Indian political, academic, and defense sectors. The Mitrokhin Archive, a collection of files by former KGB officer Vasiliy Mitrokhin, details the extent of Soviet influence in India, with covert funding provided to prominent politicians and parties. Former Indian Intelligence Bureau director Maloy Krishna Dhar corroborated these claims, revealing KGB penetration into India’s defense sector and political landscape.

This heavy reliance on Soviet support has only recently been balanced as India diversifies its defense partnerships, particularly through foreign direct investment (FDI) and private sector involvement in defense, as promoted by the Modi administration.

A Multi-Aligned India in a New Global Order
Today, India’s approach is increasingly multi-aligned. While maintaining historical ties with Russia, India’s most significant strategic alliances now include the US and France. The colonial legacy of anti-Westernism is giving way to pragmatism, as India seeks alignment with global powers on issues of mutual concern, particularly in countering China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific.

ईरान इजरायल युद्ध बढ़ने से दुनिया और भारत के ऊपर इस युद्ध का असर, हवाई य...

पाकिस्तान, देशके दुश्मनोंसे भारत खिलाफ दहशतवादका नया स्वरूप, एयरपोर्ट ए...

बॉम्बच्या खोट्या धमक्यांचा भारतातील विमान प्रवासावर मोठा परिणाम

भारत हा जगातील सर्वाधिक वेगानं विस्तारणाऱ्या हवाई वाहतूक बाजारपेठांपैकी एक आहे. विमानात बॉम्ब असल्याच्या खोट्या धमक्यांद्वारे भारतातील विमान कंपन्यांना लक्ष्य करण्याच्या घटनांमध्ये अभूतपूर्व वाढ झाल्यामुळे विमान उड्डाणांना आणि व्यवसायाला प्रचंड फटका बसला आहे.

 

या अफवांमुळे विमानांच्या उड्डाणाचे मार्ग बदलावे लागत आहेत आणि त्यामुळे हवाई वाहतूक क्षेत्राचे प्रचंड नुकसान होत आहे.

 

गेल्या आठवड्यात कॅनडातील इकॉलुएट या एअर इंडियाचे विमान उतरले होते.

211 प्रवाशांना घेऊन मुंबईहून शिकागोला जाणाऱ्या बोईंग 777 विमानाला 15 ऑक्टोबरला बॉम्ब असण्याची धमकी मिळाल्यामुळे मार्ग बदलावा लागला होता.

कित्येक तासांनंतर, कॅनडाच्या हवाई दलाच्या विमानानं या खोळंबलेल्या प्रवाशांना शिकागोला नेलं आणि त्यांचा प्र वास संपला.मात्र ही धमकी खोटी होती. भारतातील विमान कंपन्यांना लक्ष्य करत या म हि न्यात आतापर्यंत अनेक खोट्या धमक्या देण्यात आल्या आहेत. गेल्या एका आठवड्यातच अशा किमान 90 धमक्या देण्यात आल्या होत्या.

 

बॉम्ब अफवांच्या संख्येत गंभीर वाढ

जून महिन्यात एकाच दिवशी 41 विमानतळांना ईमेलद्वारे विमानात किंवा विमानतळावर बॉम्ब ठेवण्यात आल्याच्या खोट्या धमक्या देण्यात आल्या . यामुळे विमानतळांवरील सुरक्षेत मोठी वाढ करण्यात आली.निम्म्या धमक्या दिल्ली आणि मुंबई या देशातील दोन सर्वात मोठ्या विमानतळांच्या बाबतीत होत्या.

 

सप्टेंबर महिन्यात फ्रॅंकफुर्टला जाणाऱ्या विस्तारा एअरलाईन्सच्या विमानाला बॉम्ब असल्याच्या धमकीमुळे तुर्कीकडे वळवावं लागलं होतं ."अलीकडच्या काळात भारतीय विमान कंपन्यांना लक्ष्य करून देशांतर्गंत आणि आंतरराष्ट्रीय विमान उड्डाणांमध्ये व्यत्यय निर्माण करणाऱ्या या घटनांमुळे प्रचंड आर्थिक नु क सान होत आहे."अशा प्रकारची खोडसाळ आणि बेकायदेशीर कृत्ये घडणं ही अतिशय गंभीर चिंतेची बाब आहे.

 

नेमकं काय होतं आहे?

विमान कंपन्यांना लक्ष्य करण्यासाठी देण्यात येणाऱ्या बॉम्बच्या खोट्या धमक्यांचा संबंध अनेकदा वाईट हेतू, लक्ष वेधून घेणं, मानसिक आरोग्याच्या समस्या, व्यवसायात व्यत्यय आणण्याचा प्रयत्न किंवा खोडसाळपणा करणे इत्यादी बाबींशी आहे.गेल्या वर्षी बिहारमधील एका विमानतळावर चेक-इनची प्रक्रिया चुकल्यानंतर निराश झालेल्या एका प्रवाशानं असाच खोडसाळपणा केला आणी स्पाईस जेटच्या विमानाला उड्डाणाला विलंब करण्यासाठी बॉम्ब असल्याची खोटी माहिती दिली होती.

 

मागील काही वर्षांपासून भारतातील हवाईसेवा क्षेत्रात प्रचंड विस्तार होतो आहे. भारत ही जगातील सर्वाधिक वेगानं विस्तारणारी विमान वाहतूक बाजारपेठ आहे.

 

मात्र अशा प्रकारच्या खोट्या बॉम्ब माहितीमुळे किंवा अफवांमुळे या क्षेत्राला फटका बसतो आहे. या क्षेत्रावर त्याचा अत्यंत प्रतिकूल परिणाम होतो आहे.

 

नागरी उड्डाण मंत्रालयाच्या माहितीनुसार, गेल्यावर्षी भारतात देशांतर्गंत विमान उड्डाणांमधून 15 कोटीहून अधिक प्रवाशांनी प्रवास केला.

 

विमान कंपन्यांना आलेल्या बॉम्बच्या धमक्यांमुळे प्रवाशांची गैरसोय होते.

देशातील 33 आंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळांसह 150 हून अधिक कार्यरत विमानतळांवर भारतात दररोज 3,000 हून अधिक विमानं येतात आणि जातात.

 

गेल्या आठवड्यात बॉम्बसंदर्भातील अफवा शिगेला पोहोचल्या असताना 14 ऑक्टोबरला भारतातील विमान कंपन्यांनी 4,84,263 प्रवाशांची वाहतूक केली. देशात एकाच दिवसात इतक्या प्रवाशांची वाहतूक करण्याचा हा एक विक्रम आहे.

 

Tension in the Middle East : ,हमास, हेज़्बुल्लह ,इराण युद्धामध्ये भारताला...

BRICS Summit in Russia: India's Rising Global Influence

 

India’s Strategic Balancing Act

At the recent BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took on one of his most complex foreign policy challenges yet, aiming to assert India’s status as an "indispensable" power. BRICS offers India a crucial platform to balance relationships between the West and non-Western powers. By navigating this intricate alliance, India seeks not only to diversify its global partnerships but also to secure a leading role within an evolving multipolar order.

India-China Dynamics: A Measured Equilibrium

A central element of India’s BRICS agenda involved recalibrating its relationship with China. Modi’s cautious dialogue with Xi Jinping at the summit highlighted both countries’ tentative steps toward disengagement along the contested Line of Actual Control. While this dialogue hints at a potential thaw, substantial trust-building remains distant as India remains vigilant, particularly with Chinese activities in Doklam and Arunachal Pradesh, which serve as indicators of Beijing’s broader regional ambitions. Although a complete military de-escalation may be far off, even incremental progress between India and China is significant within the BRICS context.

Expanding Commercial Influence

India used the BRICS platform to showcase its growing role in global commerce and diplomacy. Key investments in Iran’s Chabahar port and Israel’s Haifa port exemplify India’s approach to balancing competing interests and managing regional contradictions. While India supported Azerbaijan’s inclusion in BRICS, future challenges loom, including China’s likely advocacy for Pakistan’s membership. Should this scenario arise, India may approach it as a potential moderating maneuver while tactically delaying such an entry.

Economic Stature within BRICS

India’s economic power in BRICS is evident, especially as a major purchaser of Russian oil, where it plays a vital role in refining crude for sale to Europe and the U.S. With a GDP exceeding $4 trillion and a growth rate of 7 percent, India’s economic growth is fundamental to its ambitions on the global stage. However, challenges persist, particularly regarding significant trade imbalances with both China and Russia. These economic disparities require attention